Wolbachia utilizes host microtubules and Dynein for anterior localization in the Drosophila oocyte.
Wolbachia utilizes host microtubules and Dynein for anterior localization in the Drosophila oocyte.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.ppat.0010014
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发表时间：
2005-10
期刊：
影响因子：
6.7
通讯作者：
Sullivan W
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ferree PM;Frydman HM;Li JM;Cao J;Wieschaus E;Sullivan W
为了研究宿主细胞骨架在内寄生细菌沃尔巴克氏体母体传播中的作用，我们表征了它们在果蝇雌性种系中的分布。在胚芽中，沃尔巴克氏体分布到囊肿的所有生殖细胞中，在注定成为卵母细胞的细胞中建立早期感染。在卵子发生中期，沃尔巴克氏体在卵母细胞的前皮质和细胞核之间表现出明显的浓度，其中许多细菌似乎与核膜接触。在微管网络进行程序性重排后，沃尔巴克氏体从前面的位置分离并分散在整个卵母细胞中。这种定位模式不同于线粒体和所有已知的轴决定因素。微管和细胞质动力蛋白和动力蛋白（但不是驱动蛋白-1）的操作会破坏卵母细胞中前部细菌的定位。在活卵室中，沃尔巴克氏体在护理细胞中表现出运动，但在卵母细胞中却没有，这表明细菌是由宿主因素锚定的。此外，我们将卵子发生中期确定为沃尔巴克氏体生命周期中发生细菌复制的时期。总细菌计数表明，卵母细胞中沃尔巴克氏体的增加速度明显高于普通护理细胞，并且卵母细胞中沃尔巴克氏体的正常水平取决于微管。这些发现表明，沃尔巴克氏体利用宿主微管网络和相关蛋白在果蝇卵母细胞中进行亚细胞定位。这些相互作用也可能在细菌的运动和复制中发挥作用，最终导致细菌有效的母体传播。引起疾病的细胞内细菌利用宿主细胞来生存和繁殖。在这里，作者正在研究沃尔巴克氏体，这是一种细胞内细菌，可以感染许多昆虫和其他无脊椎动物，例如丝虫线虫，它是非洲河盲症和象皮病等疾病的病原体。沃尔巴克氏菌的传播类似于线粒体遗传，即在宿主体内从母亲传给后代。然而，人们对这种母体传播的机制以及沃尔巴克氏体及其宿主在细胞水平上的相互作用知之甚少。在这里，作者表明，在果蝇果蝇中，沃尔巴克氏体细菌最初均匀分布在整个雌性种系中，但在未来卵母细胞的卵子发生中期集中，表现出与线粒体和所有已知的轴决定因素不同的惊人的前部定位。作者证明，这种亚细胞定位需要微管和负端定向运动动力蛋白，这表明沃尔巴克氏体利用宿主的微管细胞骨架和运输系统来确保其传播到下一代。这种微管依赖性与在许多其他细胞内细菌中观察到的基于肌动蛋白的运动形成对比，并且可能为进一步探讨沃尔巴克氏体复制和传播的分子和细胞基础提供基础。
To investigate the role of the host cytoskeleton in the maternal transmission of the endoparasitic bacteria Wolbachia, we have characterized their distribution in the female germ line of Drosophila melanogaster. In the germarium, Wolbachia are distributed to all germ cells of the cyst, establishing an early infection in the cell destined to become the oocyte. During mid-oogenesis, Wolbachia exhibit a distinct concentration between the anterior cortex and the nucleus in the oocyte, where many bacteria appear to contact the nuclear envelope. Following programmed rearrangement of the microtubule network, Wolbachia dissociate from this anterior position and become dispersed throughout the oocyte. This localization pattern is distinct from mitochondria and all known axis determinants. Manipulation of microtubules and cytoplasmic Dynein and Dynactin, but not Kinesin-1, disrupts anterior bacterial localization in the oocyte. In live egg chambers, Wolbachia exhibit movement in nurse cells but not in the oocyte, suggesting that the bacteria are anchored by host factors. In addition, we identify mid-oogenesis as a period in the life cycle of Wolbachia in which bacterial replication occurs. Total bacterial counts show that Wolbachia increase at a significantly higher rate in the oocyte than in the average nurse cell, and that normal Wolbachia levels in the oocyte depend on microtubules. These findings demonstrate that Wolbachia utilize the host microtubule network and associated proteins for their subcellular localization in the Drosophila oocyte. These interactions may also play a role in bacterial motility and replication, ultimately leading to the bacteria's efficient maternal transmission. Intracellular bacteria that cause disease exploit host cells for their survival and reproduction. Here the authors are studying Wolbachia, an intracellular bacteria that infects many insect species and other invertebrates, such as filarial nematodes, the agents of diseases such as African river blindness and elephantiasis. Wolbachia transmission is similar to mitochondrial inheritance, that is, from mother to offspring in the host. However, little is known about the mechanisms of this maternal transmission and the interactions of Wolbachia and its hosts at the cellular level. Here the authors show that in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, Wolbachia bacteria are initially distributed uniformly throughout the female germ line but concentrate during the middle stages of oogenesis in the future oocyte, exhibiting a striking anterior localization that is distinct from mitochondria and all known axis determinants. The authors demonstrate that microtubules and the minus-end-directed motor Dynein are required for this subcellular localization, suggesting that Wolbachia uses the host's microtubule cytoskeleton and transport system to ensure its transmission to the next generation. This microtubule dependence contrasts with the Actin-based motility observed for many other intracellular bacteria and may provide a foundation for further probing of the molecular and cellular basis of Wolbachia replication and transmission.
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