Disentangling the roles of approach, activation and valence in instrumental and pavlovian responding.
Disentangling the roles of approach, activation and valence in instrumental and pavlovian responding.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002028
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发表时间：
2011-04
影响因子：
4.3
通讯作者：
Dayan P
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Huys QJ;Cools R;Gölzer M;Friedel E;Heinz A;Dolan RJ;Dayan P
本能的，巴甫洛夫的，由奖励和惩罚的预测引起的反应，对工具适当的行为施加了显著的善意和恶意的影响。这些影响主要分为两大类，分别是解剖学、药理学、行为学和功能学。迄今为止，对这些影响的调查主要集中在整个群体上；在这里，我们采取了关键的一步来查看每个组，使用详细的强化学习模型来区分与价值，特定行为和一般激活或抑制有关的影响。我们在巴甫洛夫的影响中显示出高度的复杂性，食欲的巴甫洛夫刺激特别促进接近和抑制退缩，而厌恶的巴甫洛夫刺激特别促进退缩和抑制接近。这些影响解释了接近和退缩行为的工具性能差异。最后，尽管损失和收益一样有信息，但我们发现受试者在他们的器乐学习中忽略了损失。我们的研究结果支持巴甫洛夫系统作为约束或先验的观点，通过减少计算成本来促进学习，从而增加灵活性。商店里优美的背景音乐很可能诱使我们买一些我们既不需要也不想要的东西。有价刺激对持续的选择行为有着广泛而深刻的影响。在复制了已知的发现后，即方法被食欲性巴甫洛夫刺激增强而被厌恶性刺激抑制，我们将其扩展到戒断行为，但严格控制戒断行为本身的效价。我们发现，即使退缩是由食欲驱动的，它仍然受到食欲巴甫洛夫刺激的抑制，并受到厌恶刺激的增强。这第一次表明，背景巴甫洛夫刺激的效果主要取决于行为的内在效价，并且在接近和退缩之间有所不同。
Hard-wired, Pavlovian, responses elicited by predictions of rewards and punishments exert significant benevolent and malevolent influences over instrumentally-appropriate actions. These influences come in two main groups, defined along anatomical, pharmacological, behavioural and functional lines. Investigations of the influences have so far concentrated on the groups as a whole; here we take the critical step of looking inside each group, using a detailed reinforcement learning model to distinguish effects to do with value, specific actions, and general activation or inhibition. We show a high degree of sophistication in Pavlovian influences, with appetitive Pavlovian stimuli specifically promoting approach and inhibiting withdrawal, and aversive Pavlovian stimuli promoting withdrawal and inhibiting approach. These influences account for differences in the instrumental performance of approach and withdrawal behaviours. Finally, although losses are as informative as gains, we find that subjects neglect losses in their instrumental learning. Our findings argue for a view of the Pavlovian system as a constraint or prior, facilitating learning by alleviating computational costs that come with increased flexibility. Beautiful background music in a shop may well tempt us to buy something we neither need nor want. Valenced stimuli have broad and profound influences on ongoing choice behaviour. After replicating known findings whereby approach is enhanced by appetitive Pavlovian stimuli and inhibited by aversive ones, we extend this to withdrawal behaviours, but critically controlling for the valence of the withdrawal behaviours themselves. We find that even when withdrawal is appetitively motivated, it is still inhibited by appetitive Pavlovian stimuli and enhanced by aversive ones. This shows, for the first time, that the effect of background Pavlovian stimuli depends critically on the intrinsic valence of behaviours, and differs between approach and withdrawal.
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