Learning moral values: Another's desire to punish enhances one's own punitive behavior.
Learning moral values: Another's desire to punish enhances one's own punitive behavior.
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DOI：
10.1037/xge0000405
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发表时间：
2018-08
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Phelps EA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
FeldmanHall O;Otto AR;Phelps EA
关于道德价值观是如何获得的，人们几乎没有达成共识。通过一项新的社会学习任务，我们考察了在恢复正义的决策过程中，替代性学习是否会影响道德价值观--特别是公平偏好。在实验室和基于互联网的实验设置中，我们采用了一个二元正义游戏，参与者从另一个玩家那里获得不公平的金钱分配，并通过表现出强大的非惩罚性、补偿性行为(基线行为)来响亮地回应违反公平的行为。在随后的学习阶段，参与者的任务是代表另一个参与者(接受者)对违反公平的行为做出反应，并得到关于接受者的公平偏好的明确的逐次审判反馈(例如，他们是否倾向于将惩罚作为恢复正义的手段)。这允许参与者根据接收者的反馈(学习行为)更新他们的决定。在最后的测试阶段，参与者再次直接体验违反公平的行为。在了解到接受者更喜欢高度惩罚性措施后，参与者在测试阶段比基线显著增强了他们自己对惩罚的认可。计算学习模型表明，这些道德价值观的获得是由一种强化机制控制的，揭示了在回应违反公平的行为时，只要接触到一个人的偏好，就可以改变一个人自己的惩罚愿望。总而言之，这表明，即使在没有明确的社会压力的情况下，公平偏好也是非常不稳定的。
There is little consensus about how moral values are learned. Using a novel social learning task, we examine whether vicarious learning impacts moral values—specifically fairness preferences—during decisions to restore justice. In both laboratory and internet-based experimental settings, we employ a dyadic Justice Game where participants receive unfair splits of money from another Player and respond resoundingly to the fairness violations by exhibiting robust non-punitive, compensatory behavior (baseline behavior). In a subsequent learning phase, participants are tasked with responding to fairness violations on behalf of another participant (a Receiver) and are given explicit trial-by-trial feedback about the Receiver’s fairness preferences (e.g., whether they prefer punishment as a means of restoring justice). This allows participants to update their decisions in accordance with the Receiver’s feedback (learning behavior). In a final test phase, participants again directly experience fairness violations. After learning about a Receiver who prefers highly punitive measures, participants significantly enhance their own endorsement of punishment during the test phase compared to baseline. Computational learning models illustrate the acquisition of these moral values is governed by a reinforcement mechanism, revealing it takes as little as being exposed to the preferences of a single individual to shift one’s own desire for punishment when responding to fairness violations. Together this suggests that even in the absence of explicit social pressure, fairness preferences are highly labile.
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