A belief systems analysis of fraud beliefs following the 2020 US election

A belief systems analysis of fraud beliefs following the 2020 US election
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2020 年美国大选后欺诈信念的信念系统分析

DOI:
10.1038/s41562-023-01570-4
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发表时间:
2023
影响因子:
29.9
通讯作者:
Wager, Tor D.
Wager, Tor D.
中科院分区:
心理学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Botvinik-Nezer, Rotem;Jones, Matt;Wager, Tor D.

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尽管有大量相互矛盾的证据,但认为美国2020年总统选举存在欺诈行为的观点仍然普遍存在。为什么这样的信念往往抵制反证?这种抵制是理性的,因此受到基于证据的论点,还是根本上不理性的?在这里,我们在2020年的计票过程中调查了1,642名美国人,测试了假设选举结果下的欺诈信念更新。参与者的欺诈信念增加时,他们首选的候选人输了,减少时,他赢了,这两个效果与党派的偏好,显示党派不对称(愿望效应)。贝叶斯模型的理性更新系统的信念,信仰在真正的投票赢家,欺诈盛行和受益人的欺诈准确占这种党派的不对称性,优于替代模型的非理性,动机更新和模型缺乏完整的信念系统。党派不对称可能并不反映有动机的推理,而是对证据的多种潜在原因的理性归因。改变这些信念可能需要同时针对多个关键信念,而不是直接揭穿尝试。
Beliefs that the US 2020 Presidential election was fraudulent are prevalent despite substantial contradictory evidence. Why are such beliefs often resistant to counter-evidence? Is this resistance rational, and thus subject to evidence-based arguments, or fundamentally irrational? Here we surveyed 1,642 Americans during the 2020 vote count, testing fraud belief updates given hypothetical election outcomes. Participants’ fraud beliefs increased when their preferred candidate lost and decreased when he won, and both effects scaled with partisan preferences, demonstrating partisan asymmetry (desirability effects). A Bayesian model of rational updating of a system of beliefs—beliefs in the true vote winner, fraud prevalence and beneficiary of fraud—accurately accounted for this partisan asymmetry, outperforming alternative models of irrational, motivated updating and models lacking the full belief system. Partisan asymmetries may not reflect motivated reasoning, but rather rational attributions over multiple potential causes of evidence. Changing such beliefs may require targeting multiple key beliefs simultaneously rather than direct debunking attempts.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259473
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