The biology of habitat dominance; can microbes behave as weeds?
The biology of habitat dominance; can microbes behave as weeds?
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DOI：
10.1111/1751-7915.12027
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发表时间：
2013-09
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Hallsworth JE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cray JA;Bell AN;Bhaganna P;Mswaka AY;Timson DJ;Hallsworth JE
微生物物种之间的竞争是特定生境的微生物多样性的产物，但也可能导致其减少。微生物的栖息地可以类似于生态战场，在那里微生物细胞努力控制和/或消灭对方，我们探索的假设（像植物杂草），一些微生物是遗传硬连线的行为在一个充满活力和生态侵略性的方式。这些“微生物杂草”能够通过使它们能够超越竞争对手的特性来主宰在肥沃但未殖民化-或至少部分空置-栖息地中发展的社区;对栖息地相关压力参数和高效能源生产系统的强大耐受性;避免或抵抗病毒感染，捕食和食草动物;有效的抗菌系统;以及隔离和储存资源的特殊能力。此外，那些与营养复杂的栖息地是非常多才多艺，在他们的利用不同的基板。杂草物种通常会使用多种类型的抗菌剂，包括毒素;挥发性有机化合物，充当疏水性或高度离液压力源;生物表面活性剂;有机酸;以及大量生产的中度离液溶质（例如丙酮、乙醇）。然而，控制群落的能力是生境特异性的，我们认为一些微生物物种是原型杂草，包括多面手，如：异常毕赤酵母，不动杆菌属。和恶臭假单胞菌（Pseudomonas putida）;专门的细菌如杜氏盐藻（Dunaliella salina）、酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）、乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus spp.）和其它乳酸菌;淡水自养生物精液沟口菌（Gonyostomum semen）和铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）;专性厌氧菌，例如丙酮丁醇梭菌（Clostridium acetobutylicum）;兼性病原体，例如粘红酵母（Rhodotorula mucilaginosa）、菠萝泛菌（Pantoea anatis）和铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）;和其它极端耐受性和极端嗜性微生物，例如曲霉属（Aspergillus spp.），红色盐杆菌和Walsbyi盐方菌。一些微生物，如大肠杆菌、耻垢分枝杆菌和假木霉属，表现出杂草和非杂草物种的特征。我们提出，非杂草的概念代表了一个“垃圾箱”组，包括物种，如Synodropsis spp.，鱼多拟青霉，东方梅氏菌，沙门氏菌属，和新月柄杆菌。我们表明，微生物杂草是从概念上不同于植物杂草，微生物共生，r-战略家，和其他生理生态组的微生物。微生物杂草物种不太可能从静止期或其他类型的封闭群落中出现;选择杂草表型的是开放的栖息地。确定了不同类型的开放生境的共同特点，杂草生物学和开放生境生态学的影响进行了讨论，在环境和应用微生物学领域需要进一步研究的背景下。
Competition between microbial species is a product of, yet can lead to a reduction in, the microbial diversity of specific habitats. Microbial habitats can resemble ecological battlefields where microbial cells struggle to dominate and/or annihilate each other and we explore the hypothesis that (like plant weeds) some microbes are genetically hard-wired to behave in a vigorous and ecologically aggressive manner. These ‘microbial weeds’ are able to dominate the communities that develop in fertile but uncolonized – or at least partially vacant – habitats via traits enabling them to out-grow competitors; robust tolerances to habitat-relevant stress parameters and highly efficient energy-generation systems; avoidance of or resistance to viral infection, predation and grazers; potent antimicrobial systems; and exceptional abilities to sequester and store resources. In addition, those associated with nutritionally complex habitats are extraordinarily versatile in their utilization of diverse substrates. Weed species typically deploy multiple types of antimicrobial including toxins; volatile organic compounds that act as either hydrophobic or highly chaotropic stressors; biosurfactants; organic acids; and moderately chaotropic solutes that are produced in bulk quantities (e.g. acetone, ethanol). Whereas ability to dominate communities is habitat-specific we suggest that some microbial species are archetypal weeds including generalists such as: Pichia anomala, Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas putida; specialists such as Dunaliella salina, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactobacillus spp. and other lactic acid bacteria; freshwater autotrophs Gonyostomum semen and Microcystis aeruginosa; obligate anaerobes such as Clostridium acetobutylicum; facultative pathogens such as Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Pantoea ananatis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; and other extremotolerant and extremophilic microbes such as Aspergillus spp., Salinibacter ruber and Haloquadratum walsbyi. Some microbes, such as Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium smegmatis and Pseudoxylaria spp., exhibit characteristics of both weed and non-weed species. We propose that the concept of nonweeds represents a ‘dustbin’ group that includes species such as Synodropsis spp., Polypaecilum pisce, Metschnikowia orientalis, Salmonella spp., and Caulobacter crescentus. We show that microbial weeds are conceptually distinct from plant weeds, microbial copiotrophs, r-strategists, and other ecophysiological groups of microorganism. Microbial weed species are unlikely to emerge from stationary-phase or other types of closed communities; it is open habitats that select for weed phenotypes. Specific characteristics that are common to diverse types of open habitat are identified, and implications of weed biology and open-habitat ecology are discussed in the context of further studies needed in the fields of environmental and applied microbiology.
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