Nutrient Sensor mTOR and OGT: Orchestrators of Organelle Homeostasis in Pancreatic β-Cells.

Nutrient Sensor mTOR and OGT: Orchestrators of Organelle Homeostasis in Pancreatic β-Cells.
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DOI:
10.1155/2020/8872639
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发表时间:
2020
影响因子:
4.3
通讯作者:
Alejandro EU
Alejandro EU
中科院分区:
医学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Esch N;Jo S;Moore M;Alejandro EU

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本综述的目的是将营养感知通路在2型糖尿病(T2D)期间营养过剩引起的β细胞细胞器功能障碍中的作用进行整合。T2D包括慢性高血糖、高脂血症和炎症,每一种疾病都会导致β细胞衰竭。这些因素可以破坏关键的β细胞细胞器的功能,即内质网、线粒体、溶酶体和自噬。功能障碍的细胞器会导致胰岛素合成和分泌的缺陷,如果体内平衡得不到恢复,就会激活凋亡途径。在这篇综述中,我们将重点介绍在β细胞生理学中具有重要作用的两个主要的合成代谢营养传感器mTORC 1和OGT。虽然对这些感受器的急性刺激经常改善β细胞的功能,促进对细胞应激的适应,但长期和持续的活动会扰乱细胞器的动态平衡。MTORC1和OGT通过影响关键蛋白质、酶和转录因子的表达和活性,以及通过调节自噬来影响缺陷细胞器的清除来调节细胞器的功能。此外,mTORC1OGT活性影响T2D过程中的胰岛炎症,从而进一步破坏细胞器和β细胞的功能。微调这些营养感受器活性的T2D治疗方法尚未开发出来,但mTORC 1和OGT在细胞器稳态中的重要作用使它们成为改善β细胞功能和生存的有希望的靶点。
The purpose of this review is to integrate the role of nutrient-sensing pathways into β-cell organelle dysfunction prompted by nutrient excess during type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D encompasses chronic hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and inflammation, which each contribute to β-cell failure. These factors can disrupt the function of critical β-cell organelles, namely, the ER, mitochondria, lysosomes, and autophagosomes. Dysfunctional organelles cause defects in insulin synthesis and secretion and activate apoptotic pathways if homeostasis is not restored. In this review, we will focus on mTORC1 and OGT, two major anabolic nutrient sensors with important roles in β-cell physiology. Though acute stimulation of these sensors frequently improves β-cell function and promotes adaptation to cell stress, chronic and sustained activity disturbs organelle homeostasis. mTORC1 and OGT regulate organelle function by influencing the expression and activities of key proteins, enzymes, and transcription factors, as well as by modulating autophagy to influence clearance of defective organelles. In addition, mTORC1 and OGT activity influence islet inflammation during T2D, which can further disrupt organelle and β-cell function. Therapies for T2D that fine-tune the activity of these nutrient sensors have yet to be developed, but the important role of mTORC1 and OGT in organelle homeostasis makes them promising targets to improve β-cell function and survival.
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