Naturally occurring metals in unregulated domestic wells in Nevada, USA.
Naturally occurring metals in unregulated domestic wells in Nevada, USA.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158277
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发表时间：
2022-12-10
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Grzymski, Joseph
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Arienzo, Monica M.;Saftner, Daniel;Bacon, Steven N.;Robtoy, Erika;Neveux, Iva;Schlauch, Karen;Carbone, Michele;Grzymski, Joseph
在美国内华达州农村，饮用水的主要来源是私人拥有的家庭威尔斯水井。由于这些威尔斯井的水不受政府指导方针的管制，因此所有者有责任测试地下水的重金属和其他污染物。之前在内华达州地下水中测得的砷、铅、镉和铀的浓度高于环境保护署（EPA）的指导方针。这是一个公共卫生问题，因为已知这些金属的水平升高会对健康产生负面影响。我们通过一项人口健康研究--健康内华达州项目--招募了一些人，让他们提交来自家庭威尔斯井的饮用水样本进行检测。从174个拥有私人威尔斯水井的家庭中回收了水样。我们发现22%的砷浓度超过了EPA最大污染物水平（MCL）10 μg/L。此外，8%的家庭铀和铁、6%的家庭锂和锰、4%的家庭钼和1%的家庭铅超过了联邦、州或基于健康的指导方针。砷、铀和铅的最大观测浓度分别为EPA指导值的~80、~5和~1.5倍。41%的家庭拥有处理系统，并提交了处理前和处理后的井水样本。家庭处理表明，减少金属浓度，但仍观察到高于指导值的浓度。由于水化学、处理失败或处理技术不当，许多处理系统无法将浓度降低到指导值以下。这些结果表明，迫切需要继续教育和宣传定期测试国内沃茨，适当的处理类型，金属污染的健康影响。这些发现可能适用于其他干旱地区的地下水污染的自然发生的重金属。
The dominant source of drinking water in rural Nevada, United States, is privately-owned domestic wells. Because the water from these wells is unregulated with respect to government guidelines, it is the owner’s responsibility to test their groundwater for heavy metals and other contaminants. Arsenic, lead, cadmium, and uranium have been previously measured at concentrations above Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines in Nevada groundwater. This is a public health concern because elevated levels of these metals are known to have negative health effects. We recruited individuals through a population health study, the Healthy Nevada Project, to submit drinking water samples from domestic wells for testing. Water samples were returned from 174 households with private wells. We found 22% had arsenic concentrations exceeding the EPA maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 μg/L. Additionally, federal, state, or health-based guidelines were exceeded for 8% of the households for uranium and iron, 6% for lithium and manganese, 4% for molybdenum, and 1% for lead. The maximum observed concentrations of arsenic, uranium, and lead were ~80, ~5, and ~1.5 times the EPA guideline values, respectively. 41% of households had a treatment system and submitted both pre- and post-treatment water samples from their well. The household treatments were shown to reduce metal concentrations, but concentrations above guideline values were still observed. Many treatment systems cannot reduce the concentration below guideline values because of water chemistry, treatment failure, or improper treatment techniques. These results show the pressing need for continued education and outreach on regular testing of domestic well waters, proper treatment types, and health effects of metal contamination. These findings are potentially applicable to other arid areas where groundwater contamination of naturally occurring heavy metals occurs.
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