A Matter of Life and Death.

A Matter of Life and Death.
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关于生与死的问题。

DOI:
10.1101/cshperspect.a041004
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发表时间:
2022
影响因子:
7.2
通讯作者:
Green,DouglasR
Green,DouglasR
中科院分区:
生物学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Green,DouglasR

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每一秒钟,我们体内大约有100万个细胞死亡。这是一件好事,因为细胞死亡是有效的稳态和适应不断变化的环境的核心。当由于某种原因没有发生时,后果可能是灾难性的,表现为癌症,自身免疫或其他疾病。或者,如果细胞死亡发生在错误的时间和地点,这也可能产生不良影响,如中风,退化,心脏病发作和许多其他伤害;因此,细胞死亡是疾病的主要组成部分。细胞死亡的原因有很多。例如,它们可能会受到物理或化学压力,以至于无法保持其完整性。然而,更常见的情况是,这种压力在压力变得压倒性之前就参与了一个活跃的细胞死亡过程;也就是说,细胞基本上自杀了。大多数(但不是全部)细胞自杀是通过一个我们称之为凋亡的过程发生的,另一个触发细胞死亡的压力是细胞被一种生物体感染,这种生物体会利用细胞来达到自己的寄生目的(即制造更多的寄生虫)。这种细胞死亡可以保护身体免受进一步的感染,除非寄生虫可以阻止这种保护性死亡,直到它繁殖。在具有免疫系统的生物体中,淋巴细胞和吞噬细胞可以检测到受感染的细胞并指示细胞死亡。这种细胞死亡可以是细胞凋亡或另一种类型的活性细胞死亡。
Every second, something on the order of 1 million cells die in our bodies. 1 This is a good thing, because cell death is central to efficient homeostasis and adaptation to a changing environment. When, for some reason, it does not occur, the consequences can be catastrophic, manifesting as cancer, autoimmunity, or other maladies. Alternatively, if cell death occurs at the wrong time and place, this can also produce untoward effects, such as stroke, degeneration, heart attack, and many other injuries; thus, cell death is a major component of disease. Cells die for a variety of reasons. For example, they can become physically or chemically stressed to the point that they cannot maintain their integrity. More often, however, such stresses engage an active cell death process before the stress becomes overwhelming; that is, the cell essentially commits suicide. Most, but not all, cell suicide occurs by a process we call apoptosis.Another stress that triggers cell death is infection of the cell by an organism that would use the cell for its own parasitic ends (ie, to make additional parasites). Such cell death can protect the body from further infection, unless the parasite can prevent this protective death until it has reproduced. In organisms with immune systems, lymphocytes and phagocytic cells can detect an infected cell and instruct the cell to die. This cell death can be apoptosis or another type of active cell death.
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