Restrictions on antimicrobial use in food animal production: an international regulatory and economic survey.
Restrictions on antimicrobial use in food animal production: an international regulatory and economic survey.
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DOI：
10.1186/1744-8603-9-48
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发表时间：
2013-10-16
影响因子：
10.8
通讯作者：
Nachman KE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Maron DF;Smith TJ;Nachman KE
为促进生长和预防疾病而对食用动物长时间低剂量施用抗微生物药物与抗微生物药物耐药性的全球健康危机有关。在国际上，多个司法管辖区已通过限制用于这些目的的抗菌剂使用，并要求兽医处方在食用动物中使用这些药物。这些政策的反对者认为，限制措施对采取这些措施的食用动物生产有害。我们调查了美国以外17个政治管辖区在促进生长、疾病预防和兽医监督方面的抗菌药物使用政策，并审查了有关其生产影响的现有证据，包括动物健康措施。2011年，如果辖区是美国主要食用动物产品的前五大进口国，则将其包括在内，因为美国和其他辖区的政策差异可能导致美国食用动物产品出口的贸易壁垒。如果有关其政策的信息以英文公开，则也包括这些管辖区。我们搜索了同行评议和灰色文献，并与司法管辖区的美国大使馆，监管机构和当地专家进行了通信。根据是否禁止使用抗菌剂促进生长和/或在没有兽医处方的情况下使用抗菌剂对管辖区进行分类。在接受调查的17个管辖区中，6个管辖区禁止两种用途，5个管辖区禁止一种用途，但不禁止另一种用途，5个管辖区没有禁止任何一种用途，而1个管辖区没有提供信息。关于这些禁令对生产的影响的数据有限，但现有数据，特别是来自丹麦和瑞典的数据表明，限制促生长用途的实施对生产的影响最小。大多数美国主要贸易伙伴对食用动物生产中的抗生素使用和兽医监督有更严格的政策。现有数据表明，从长远来看，对促进生长的限制可能不会对生产造成损害，尽管进一步的研究可能是有益的。有证据表明，美国和其他司法管辖区在食用动物抗菌剂使用方面的不一致可能不利于美国进入食用动物产品的出口市场。现有的经济证据加强了限制在美国食用动物中使用抗菌剂的理由。
The administration of antimicrobial drugs to food animals at low doses for extended durations for growth promotion and disease prevention has been linked to the global health crisis of antimicrobial resistance. Internationally, multiple jurisdictions have responded by restricting antimicrobial use for these purposes, and by requiring a veterinary prescription to use these drugs in food animals. Opponents of these policies have argued that restrictions have been detrimental to food animal production where they have been adopted. We surveyed the antimicrobial use policies of 17 political jurisdictions outside of the United States with respect to growth promotion, disease prevention, and veterinary oversight, and reviewed the available evidence regarding their production impacts, including measures of animal health. Jurisdictions were included if they were a top-five importer of a major U.S. food animal product in 2011, as differences between the policies of the U.S. and other jurisdictions may lead to trade barriers to U.S. food animal product exports. Jurisdictions were also included if information on their policies was publicly available in English. We searched the peer-reviewed and grey literatures and corresponded with jurisdictions’ U.S. embassies, regulators, and local experts. Jurisdictions were categorized by whether they prohibit use of antimicrobials for growth promotion and/or use of antimicrobials without a veterinary prescription. Of the 17 jurisdictions surveyed, six jurisdictions have prohibited both types of use, five jurisdictions have prohibited one use but not the other use, and five jurisdictions have not prohibited either use, while information was not available for one jurisdiction. Data on the production impacts of these prohibitions were limited, although available data, especially from Denmark and Sweden, suggest that restrictions on growth promotion use can be implemented with minimal production consequences. A majority of leading U.S. trade partners have more stringent policies regarding antibiotic use and veterinary oversight in food animal production. Available data suggest that restrictions on growth promotion may not be detrimental to production in the long run, although additional research could be useful. There is evidence that discordance between the U.S. and other jurisdictions with respect to antimicrobial use in food animals may be detrimental to U.S. access to export markets for food animal products. The available economic evidence strengthens the rationale for restricting antimicrobial use in U.S. food animals.
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影响因子：
2.3
作者：
Graham, Jay P.;Nachman, Keeve E.
通讯作者：
Nachman, Keeve E.
影响因子：
2.6
作者：
Grave, K;Jensen, VF;Bangen, M
通讯作者：
Bangen, M
影响因子：
10.4
作者：
Love DC;Davis MF;Bassett A;Gunther A;Nachman KE
通讯作者：
Nachman KE
影响因子：
5.2
作者：
Agerso, Yvonne;Aarestrup, Frank M.
通讯作者：
Aarestrup, Frank M.
影响因子：
1
作者：
Aarestrup, Frank M.;Jensen, Vibeke F.;Wegener, Henrik C.
通讯作者：
Wegener, Henrik C.