LTR retrotransposons in fungi.

LTR retrotransposons in fungi.
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DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0029425
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发表时间:
2011
期刊:
影响因子:
3.7
通讯作者:
Grynberg M
Grynberg M
中科院分区:
综合性期刊3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Muszewska A;Hoffman-Sommer M;Grynberg M

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具有长末端直接重复序列的转座元件是研究得最多的一类移动的元件。它们是存在于几乎所有真核生物基因组中的普遍存在的元件。它们的数量和保存状态可以成为基因组动态的亮点。我们搜索了所有已发表的真菌基因组中含有LTR的逆转录转座子,包括完整的功能元件和残余拷贝。我们总共鉴定了超过66,000种元素,所有这些元素都属于Ty 1/Copia或Ty 3/Gypsy超家族。大多数检测到的吉普赛元件代表染色病毒科,即它们在pol ORF中携带染色域。我们从基因组生态学的角度分析了我们的数据,研究了各个基因组中各种类型的LTR TE的丰度以及每个基因组中最高拷贝的元件。TE含量在所分析的基因组中是非常可变的。一些基因组在LTR TE中非常稀少(<50个元件),另一些则表现出巨大的扩展(>8000个元件)。数据显示,真菌中的转座子扩增通常涉及单个元件的拷贝数和元件类型数量的增加。来自所有基因组的大多数最高拷贝TE是Ty 3/Gypsy转座子。这些元素的系统发育分析表明,TE扩展已经出现彼此独立,在遥远的基因组和不同的分类水平。我们还分析了由转座子pol ORF编码的蛋白质结构域之间的进化关系,我们发现蛋白酶是进化最快的结构域,而逆转录酶和RNase H进化得慢得多,并且彼此相关。
Transposable elements with long terminal direct repeats (LTR TEs) are one of the best studied groups of mobile elements. They are ubiquitous elements present in almost all eukaryotic genomes. Their number and state of conservation can be a highlight of genome dynamics. We searched all published fungal genomes for LTR-containing retrotransposons, including both complete, functional elements and remnant copies. We identified a total of over 66,000 elements, all of which belong to the Ty1/Copia or Ty3/Gypsy superfamilies. Most of the detected Gypsy elements represent Chromoviridae, i.e. they carry a chromodomain in the pol ORF. We analyzed our data from a genome-ecology perspective, looking at the abundance of various types of LTR TEs in individual genomes and at the highest-copy element from each genome. The TE content is very variable among the analyzed genomes. Some genomes are very scarce in LTR TEs (<50 elements), others demonstrate huge expansions (>8000 elements). The data shows that transposon expansions in fungi usually involve an increase both in the copy number of individual elements and in the number of element types. The majority of the highest-copy TEs from all genomes are Ty3/Gypsy transposons. Phylogenetic analysis of these elements suggests that TE expansions have appeared independently of each other, in distant genomes and at different taxonomical levels. We also analyzed the evolutionary relationships between protein domains encoded by the transposon pol ORF and we found that the protease is the fastest evolving domain whereas reverse transcriptase and RNase H evolve much slower and in correlation with each other.
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