Reproductive inequality in humans and other mammals.
Reproductive inequality in humans and other mammals.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2220124120
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发表时间：
2023-05-30
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ross, Cody T.;Hooper, Paul L.;Smith, Jennifer E.;Jaeggi, Adrian V.;Smith, Eric Alden;Gavrilets, Sergey;Zohora, Fatema Tuz;Ziker, John;Xygalatas, Dimitris;Wroblewski, Emily E.;Wood, Brian;Winterhalder, Bruce;Willfuehr, Kai P.;Willard, Aiyana K.;Walker, Kara;von Rueden, Christopher;Voland, Eckart;Valeggia, Claudia;Vaitla, Bapu;Urlacher, Samuel;Towner, Mary;Sum, Chun-Yi;Sugiyama, Lawrence S.;Strier, Karen B.;Starkweather, Kathrine;Major-Smith, Daniel;Shenk, Mary;Sear, Rebecca;Seabright, Edmond;Schacht, Ryan;Scelza, Brooke;Scaggs, Shane;Salerno, Jonathan;Revilla-Minaya, Caissa;Redhead, Daniel;Pusey, Anne;Purzycki, Benjamin Grant;Power, Eleanor A.;Pisor, Anne;Pettay, Jenni;Perry, Susan;Page, Abigail E.;Pacheco-Cobos, Luis;Oths, Kathryn;Oh, Seung-Yun;Nolin, David;Nettle, Daniel;Moya, Cristina;Migliano, Andrea Bamberg;Mertens, Karl J.;McNamara, Rita A.;McElreath, Richard;Mattison, Siobhan;Massengill, Eric;Marlowe, Frank;Madimenos, Felicia;Macfarlan, Shane;Lummaa, Virpi;Lizarralde, Roberto;Liu, Ruizhe;Liebert, Melissa A.;Lew-Levy, Sheina;Leslie, Paul;Lanning, Joseph;Kramer, Karen;Koster, Jeremy;Kaplan, Hillard S.;Jamsranjav, Bayarsaikhan;Hurtado, A. Magdalena;Hill, Kim;Hewlett, Barry;Helle, Samuli;Headland, Thomas;Headland, Janet;Gurven, Michael;Grimalda, Gianluca;Greaves, Russell;Golden, Christopher D.;Godoy, Irene;Gibson, Mhairi;El Mouden, Claire;Dyble, Mark;Draper, Patricia;Downey, Sean;DeMarco, Angelina L.;Davis, Helen Elizabeth;Crabtree, Stefani;Cortez, Carmen;Colleran, Heidi;Cohen, Emma;Cohen, Emma;Clark, Gregory;Clark, Julia;Caudell, Mark A.;Carminito, Chelsea E.;Bunce, John;Boyette, Adam;Bowles, Samuel;Blumenfield, Tami;Beheim, Bret;Beckerman, Stephen;Atkinson, Quentin;Apicella, Coren;Alam, Nurul;Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff
为什么人类的婚姻和生殖系统与其他哺乳动物的类似系统不同？为了回答这些问题，我们使用了来自90个人类社会和49个哺乳动物物种的数据。我们表明，人类表现出较低的平均性别差异生殖不平等比大多数其他哺乳动物，但仍属于哺乳动物的范围。我们将生殖偏差中的这些小的性别差异归因于支持一夫一妻制的制度，归因于实行一夫多妻制的群体中一夫多妻制的有限强度，特别是归因于我们物种中孩子对父母双方照顾的严重依赖。这种哺乳动物范围内的比较揭示了人类例外论的程度和可能的原因。为了解决人类例外论的主张，我们确定人类在更大的哺乳动物生殖不平等分布中的位置。我们表明，人类表现出较低的生殖偏斜（即，存活后代数量的不平等）和生殖偏斜的性别差异小于大多数其他哺乳动物，但仍属于哺乳动物范围。此外，平均而言，一夫多妻制的人类群体中的女性生殖偏斜高于一夫多妻制的非人类哺乳动物。这种倾斜的模式可以部分归因于一夫一妻制在人类中的流行，而非人类哺乳动物中的一夫多妻制占主导地位，在实行一夫多妻制的人类社会中，一夫多妻制的程度有限，以及不平等地拥有竞争资源对女性健康的重要性。在人类身上观察到的这种低调的生殖不平等似乎与我们这个物种的几个不寻常的特征有关，包括雄性之间的高度合作，对不平等的竞争资源的高度依赖，母亲和父亲投资之间的互补性，以及执行一夫一妻制规范的社会和法律的制度。
How and why do human systems of marriage and reproduction differ from comparable systems in other mammals? To answer these questions, we use data from 90 human societies and 49 mammalian species. We demonstrate that humans exhibit lower average sex differences in reproductive inequality than do most other mammals, while nevertheless falling within the mammalian range. We attribute these small sex differences in reproductive skew to institutions supporting monogamy, to a limited intensity of polygyny in those groups practicing it, and especially to heavy dependence of children on care from both parents in our species. Such mammal-wide comparisons reveal the extent of, and possible reasons for, human exceptionalism. To address claims of human exceptionalism, we determine where humans fit within the greater mammalian distribution of reproductive inequality. We show that humans exhibit lower reproductive skew (i.e., inequality in the number of surviving offspring) among males and smaller sex differences in reproductive skew than most other mammals, while nevertheless falling within the mammalian range. Additionally, female reproductive skew is higher in polygynous human populations than in polygynous nonhumans mammals on average. This patterning of skew can be attributed in part to the prevalence of monogamy in humans compared to the predominance of polygyny in nonhuman mammals, to the limited degree of polygyny in the human societies that practice it, and to the importance of unequally held rival resources to women’s fitness. The muted reproductive inequality observed in humans appears to be linked to several unusual characteristics of our species—including high levels of cooperation among males, high dependence on unequally held rival resources, complementarities between maternal and paternal investment, as well as social and legal institutions that enforce monogamous norms.
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DOI：
10.1098/rstb.2009.0120
发表时间：
2009-11-12
影响因子：
6.3
作者：
Clutton-Brock, Tim
通讯作者：
Clutton-Brock, Tim
影响因子：
2.9
作者：
ARNOLD, SJ;DUVALL, D
通讯作者：
DUVALL, D
影响因子：
16.6
作者：
Bauch CT;McElreath R
通讯作者：
McElreath R
影响因子：
2.2
作者：
Anderson, Kermyt G.
通讯作者：
Anderson, Kermyt G.
影响因子：
3.8
作者：
BATEMAN, AJ
通讯作者：
BATEMAN, AJ