Urban mobility and neighborhood isolation in America's 50 largest cities.
Urban mobility and neighborhood isolation in America's 50 largest cities.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1802537115
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发表时间：
2018-07-24
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Sampson RJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wang Q;Phillips NE;Small ML;Sampson RJ
人们普遍认为，生活在贫困社区会损害生活机会，因为居民与拥有更多资源的社区隔离。然而，由于个人大部分日常生活都在家乡以外度过，住宅隔离可能会得到缓解，这种可能性很难大规模评估。使用新方法分析美国 50 个最大城市的城市流动性，我们发现以黑人和西班牙裔为主的社区的居民（无论贫困与否）与以非贫困或白人中产阶级社区为主的居民相比，以白人为主的社区的居民接触的机会要少得多。尽管贫困社区的居民经常与富裕社区的居民一样前往不同的社区，但他们的相对孤立和隔离仍然存在。关于生活在弱势社区的负面影响的有影响力的研究假设其居民在社会上与非贫困或“主流”社区隔离，但这种隔离的程度和性质仍然存在疑问。我们开发了一种邻里隔离测试，通过利用美国 50 个最大城市居民日常活动的细粒度动态数据，改进了常用人口普查报告中得出的静态测量方法。我们分析了 6.5 亿条经过地理编码的 Twitter 消息，以估计近 400,000 名居民在 18 个月内的家庭位置和出行模式。我们发现，在大都市区的平均出行距离（半径）和前往（分布）的社区数量方面，不同种族和收入特征的社区之间具有令人惊讶的高度一致性；然而，我们发现所访问的社区的构成存在显着差异。以黑人和西班牙裔为主的社区的居民，无论贫穷与否，与以白人为主的社区的居民相比，接触非贫穷或白人中产阶级社区的机会要少得多。鉴于最近种族隔离的减少和美国城市的多样性日益增加，这些巨大的种族差异值得注意。我们还发现，白人贫困社区与非贫困白人社区基本上是隔离的。结果表明，尽管贫困社区的居民四处奔走，但他们的相对孤立和隔离仍然存在。
Living in disadvantaged neighborhoods is widely assumed to undermine life chances because residents are isolated from neighborhoods with greater resources. Yet, residential isolation may be mitigated by individuals spending much of their everyday lives outside their home neighborhoods, a possibility that has been difficult to assess on a large scale. Using new methods to analyze urban mobility in the 50 largest American cities, we find that residents of primarily black and Hispanic neighborhoods—whether poor or not—are far less exposed to either nonpoor or white middle-class neighborhoods than residents of primarily white neighborhoods. Although residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods regularly travel as far and to as many different neighborhoods as those from advantaged neighborhoods, their relative isolation and segregation persist. Influential research on the negative effects of living in a disadvantaged neighborhood assumes that its residents are socially isolated from nonpoor or “mainstream” neighborhoods, but the extent and nature of such isolation remain in question. We develop a test of neighborhood isolation that improves on static measures derived from commonly used census reports by leveraging fine-grained dynamic data on the everyday movement of residents in America’s 50 largest cities. We analyze 650 million geocoded Twitter messages to estimate the home locations and travel patterns of almost 400,000 residents over 18 mo. We find surprisingly high consistency across neighborhoods of different race and income characteristics in the average travel distance (radius) and number of neighborhoods traveled to (spread) in the metropolitan region; however, we uncover notable differences in the composition of the neighborhoods visited. Residents of primarily black and Hispanic neighborhoods—whether poor or not—are far less exposed to either nonpoor or white middle-class neighborhoods than residents of primarily white neighborhoods. These large racial differences are notable given recent declines in segregation and the increasing diversity of American cities. We also find that white poor neighborhoods are substantially isolated from nonpoor white neighborhoods. The results suggest that even though residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods travel far and wide, their relative isolation and segregation persist.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0507308102
发表时间：
2005-10-25
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
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通讯作者：
Clark, WAV
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
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通讯作者：
Bettencourt, Luis M. A.
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
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影响因子：
10.7
作者：
Chetty, Raj;Hendren, Nathaniel;Katz, Lawrence F.
通讯作者：
Katz, Lawrence F.
影响因子：
4.4
作者：
MASSEY, DS
通讯作者：
MASSEY, DS