Neuronal and glial purinergic receptors functions in neuron development and brain disease.
Neuronal and glial purinergic receptors functions in neuron development and brain disease.
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DOI：
10.3389/fncel.2013.00197
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发表时间：
2013-10-28
影响因子：
5.3
通讯作者：
Garrido JJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Del Puerto A;Wandosell F;Garrido JJ
大脑发育需要复杂的信号通路相互作用，涉及不同的细胞类型和分子。长期以来，大多数注意力都集中在中枢神经系统发育的神经元中心概念上，这些细胞完成了建立大脑形态和功能的内在程序。相比之下，胶质细胞主要被研究为支持细胞，提供指导或作为对脑损伤作出反应的细胞。然而，新的证据表明，神经胶质细胞在控制神经元发育和功能的不同方面发挥着更基本的作用，而在这些方面，神经元的影响充其量是微弱的。此外，越来越清楚的是，神经系统的功能和组织在很大程度上依赖于相互的神经胶质相互作用。在发育过程中，神经元通常在远离最终目的地的地方产生，虽然神经元迁移和生长的内在机制负责，但它们需要神经胶质细胞的支持和调节作用才能正确迁移。同样，神经元发出的轴突经常要到达遥远的目标，从这个意义上说，胶质细胞帮助定义轴突的生长方式。此外，少突胶质细胞和雪旺细胞最终包裹轴突，有助于Ranvier淋巴结的产生。最后，最近的出版物表明星形胶质细胞有助于突触传递的调节。从这个意义上说，嘌呤能受体在神经胶质细胞和神经元中广泛表达，最近的证据表明嘌呤和嘌呤能受体在神经元发育和功能中的多重作用，从神经发生到轴突生长和功能性轴突成熟，以及在大脑的病理状态中。本文将重点介绍神经胶质和神经元分泌嘌呤的作用，以及嘌呤能受体，从根本上控制神经元的发育和功能，以及神经系统疾病。
Brain development requires the interaction of complex signaling pathways, involving different cell types and molecules. For a long time, most attention has focused on neurons in a neuronocentric conceptualization of central nervous system development, these cells fulfilling an intrinsic program that establishes the brain’s morphology and function. By contrast, glia have mainly been studied as support cells, offering guidance or as the cells that react to brain injury. However, new evidence is appearing that demonstrates a more fundamental role of glial cells in the control of different aspects of neuronal development and function, events in which the influence of neurons is at best weak. Moreover, it is becoming clear that the function and organization of the nervous system depends heavily on reciprocal neuron–glia interactions. During development, neurons are often generated far from their final destination and while intrinsic mechanisms are responsible for neuronal migration and growth, they need support and regulatory influences from glial cells in order to migrate correctly. Similarly, the axons emitted by neurons often have to reach faraway targets and in this sense, glia help define the way that axons grow. Moreover, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells ultimately envelop axons, contributing to the generation of nodes of Ranvier. Finally, recent publications show that astrocytes contribute to the modulation of synaptic transmission. In this sense, purinergic receptors are expressed widely by glial cells and neurons, and recent evidence points to multiple roles of purines and purinergic receptors in neuronal development and function, from neurogenesis to axon growth and functional axonal maturation, as well as in pathological conditions in the brain. This review will focus on the role of glial and neuronal secreted purines, and on the purinergic receptors, fundamentally in the control of neuronal development and function, as well as in diseases of the nervous system.
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