Socio-economic Impacts—Urban Climate

Socio-economic Impacts—Urban Climate
复制标题

社会经济影响——城市气候

DOI:
--
复制
发表时间:
2016
期刊:
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
S. Bohnenstengel
S. Bohnenstengel
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
K. Schlünzen;S. Bohnenstengel

文献摘要

参考文献

被引文献

相似文献

目前,北海国家约有80%的人口生活在城市地区,预计这一比例将继续上升。城市地区不仅受到区域气候变化的影响,而且本身也对区域气候的局部变化负责,从而导致所谓的“城市气候”。北海城市的城市气候有几个共同特点:相对于周围地区温度更高(特别是在夜间),温度变率更大,夜间边界层更深但不太稳定,平均风速较低但阵风较强,蒸散量减少,空气污染更严重(氮氧化物、二氧化氮和颗粒物限值的地方差异,船舶排放是港口城市的一个相关因素)。气候变化的迹象现在很明显,包括内陆洪水,更强烈的降水,以及干燥和温暖的夏天。城市是温室气体排放的一部分,需要采取措施减少这些排放。城市也需要适应气候变化。尽管城市地区之间存在广泛的相似性,但在减缓和适应气候变化方面,城市规划需求方面存在很大的特定地点差异。以汉堡和伦敦为例。适应措施包括改善建筑物的隔热性能,以减少能源使用和人为热排放,加高堤坝以防止水位上升,以及排水以避免内陆地区洪水。概述了城市发展的设想方案,其中包括绿化屋顶、较高的可再生能源价值和较低的表面密封性。
About 80 % of the population within the North Sea countries currently lives in an urban area and this percentage is projected to continue to rise. Urban areas are not only impacted by changes in regional climate but are themselves responsible for causing local modifications in regional climate resulting in the so-called ‘urban climate’. The urban climate in North Sea cities has several common features: higher temperatures relative to the surrounding regions (especially at night), greater temperature variability, deeper but less stable boundary layers at night, lower average wind speeds but stronger gusts, reduced evapotranspiration, and greater air pollution (local exceedances of limit values for nitrogen oxides, nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter, with ship emissions a relevant contributor in harbour cities). Indications of climate change are now apparent and include hinterland flooding, more intense precipitation, and drier and warmer summers. Cities contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and measures are needed to reduce these. Cities also need to adapt to climate change. Despite broad similarities between urban areas, in terms of mitigation and adaptation to climate change there are large location-specific differences with regard to city planning needs. Hamburg and London are used as examples. Adaptation measures include better insulation of buildings to reduce energy use and anthropogenic heat emissions, higher dykes to protect against increased water levels, and rain water drainage to avoid hinterland flooding. Scenarios are outlined for urban development with greened roofs, higher albedo values and lower sealing of surfaces.
DOI: 10.1002/joc.2210
发表时间: 2011-11-01
期刊: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY
影响因子: --
作者:
Allen, L.;Lindberg, F.;Grimmond, C. S. B.
通讯作者: Grimmond, C. S. B.
DOI: 10.1002/joc.2402
发表时间: 2012-10-01
期刊: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY
影响因子: --
作者:
McCarthy, M. P.;Harpham, C.;Jones, P. D.
通讯作者: Jones, P. D.
DOI: 10.1002/joc.1968
发表时间: 2010-06
期刊: International Journal of Climatology
影响因子: --
作者:
K. Schlünzen;P. Hoffmann;G. Rosenhagen;W. Riecke
通讯作者: K. Schlünzen;P. Hoffmann;G. Rosenhagen;W. Riecke
DOI: 10.1002/qj.855
发表时间: 2011-07-01
影响因子: 8.9
作者:
Bohnenstengel, S. I.;Evans, S.;Belcher, S. E.
通讯作者: Belcher, S. E.
DOI: 10.1002/joc.3589
发表时间: 2013-08-01
期刊: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY
影响因子: --
作者:
Grawe, David;Thompson, Heather L.;Schluenzen, K. Heinke
通讯作者: Schluenzen, K. Heinke