Behavioral studies of spinal conditioning: The spinal cord is smarter than you think it is.
Behavioral studies of spinal conditioning: The spinal cord is smarter than you think it is.
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DOI：
10.1037/xan0000332
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发表时间：
2022-10
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
Strain, Misty M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Grau, James W.;Hudson, Kelsey E.;Tarbet, Megan M.;Strain, Misty M.
1988年，Robert Rescorla在《神经科学年度评论》（Annual Review of Neuroscience）上发表了一篇文章，讨论了学习发生的环境、关键的方法论问题，以及什么构成了学习的例子。这篇论文启发了一代神经科学家，为更广泛的学习现象打开了大门。在回顾了他的文章的历史背景之后，简要回顾了其要点。概述的观点使学习的研究更简单的准备，如脊髓。1988年以后的一段时期揭示了疼痛（伤害性）刺激可以诱导脊髓回路的持久敏化，从而形成一种由类似于脑依赖性学习和记忆中所涉及的信号通路介导的记忆。有证据表明，脊髓对工具性反应-结果（R-O）关系敏感，学习可以诱导有助于维持学习反应的外周修饰（肌肉记忆），并且学习可以促进适应性可塑性（一种形式的后可塑性）。相反，暴露于无法控制的刺激会使学习能力丧失。脊髓神经元也可以抽象出刺激以规则（可预测）的方式发生，这种能力似乎与神经振荡器（中央模式发生器）有关。中断与大脑的交流已经被证明可以改变GABA影响神经元功能的方式（离子可塑性的一个例子），释放一个能够实现可塑性的制动器。最后，我们提出了一个框架来理解这些发现和更广泛的学习研究的影响。
In 1988 Robert Rescorla published an article in the Annual Review of Neuroscience that addressed the circumstances under which learning occurs, key methodological issues, and what constitutes an example of learning. The paper has inspired a generation of neuroscientists, opening the door to a wider range of learning phenomena. After reviewing the historical context for his article, its key points are briefly reviewed. The perspective outlined enabled the study of learning in simpler preparations, such as the spinal cord. The period after 1988 revealed that pain (nociceptive) stimuli can induce a lasting sensitization of spinal cord circuits, laying down a kind of memory mediated by signal pathways analogous to those implicated in brain dependent learning and memory. Evidence suggests that the spinal cord is sensitive to instrumental response-outcome (R-O) relations, that learning can induce a peripheral modification (muscle memory) that helps maintain the learned response, and that learning can promote adaptive plasticity (a form of metaplasticity). Conversely, exposure to uncontrollable stimulation disables the capacity to learn. Spinal cord neurons can also abstract that stimuli occur in a regular (predictable) manner, a capacity that appears linked to a neural oscillator (central pattern generator). Disrupting communication with the brain has been shown to transform how GABA affects neuronal function (an example of ionic plasticity), releasing a brake that enables plasticity. We conclude by presenting a framework for understanding these findings and the implications for the broader study of learning.
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