Gender differences in emotion expression in children: a meta-analytic review.
Gender differences in emotion expression in children: a meta-analytic review.
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DOI：
10.1037/a0030737
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发表时间：
2013-07
影响因子：
22.4
通讯作者：
Aldao, Amelia
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chaplin, Tara M.;Aldao, Amelia
关键词：
情绪表达是健康儿童发展的一个重要特征，已发现表现出性别差异。然而，一直没有实证审查的文献性别和面部，声音和不同类型的情绪在儿童的行为表达。本研究构成了一个全面的元分析审查的性别差异，差异的调节，从婴儿期到青春期的情绪表达。我们分析了来自166项研究的555个效应量，共有21，709名参与者。总体上发现了显著但非常小的性别差异，女孩表现出更多的积极情绪（g =-0.08）和内化情绪（例如，悲伤，焦虑，同情; g =-0.10）比男孩，男孩表现出更多的外部情绪（例如，（g = 0.09），女生。值得注意的是，性别差异的年龄，人际关系，任务效价调节，强调性别差异的重要性，上下文因素。随着年龄的增长，积极情绪的性别差异更加明显，在童年中期（g =-0.20）和青春期（g =-0.28），女孩比男孩表现出更多的积极情绪。在幼儿期/学龄前（g = 0.17）和童年中期（g = 0.13），男孩比女孩表现出更多的外化情绪，而在青春期（g =-0.27），男孩比女孩表现出更少的外化情绪。父母的性别差异不太明显，而不熟悉的成年人（积极情绪）和同龄人/独自一人时（外部情绪）的性别差异更明显。我们在特定情境中情绪表达的性别差异的发现对儿童健康和适应不良发展的性别差异具有重要意义。
Emotion expression is an important feature of healthy child development that has been found to show gender differences. However, there has been no empirical review of the literature on gender and facial, vocal, and behavioral expressions of different types of emotions in children. The present study constitutes a comprehensive meta-analytic review of gender differences, and moderators of differences, in emotion expression from infancy through adolescence. We analyzed 555 effect sizes from 166 studies with a total of 21,709 participants. Significant, but very small, gender differences were found overall, with girls showing more positive emotions (g = −.08) and internalizing emotions (e.g., sadness, anxiety, sympathy; g = −.10) than boys, and boys showing more externalizing emotions (e.g., anger; g = .09) than girls. Notably, gender differences were moderated by age, interpersonal context, and task valence, underscoring the importance of contextual factors in gender differences. Gender differences in positive emotions were more pronounced with increasing age, with girls showing more positive emotions than boys in middle childhood (g = −.20) and adolescence (g = −.28). Boys showed more externalizing emotions than girls at toddler/preschool age (g = .17) and middle childhood (g = .13) and fewer externalizing emotions than girls in adolescence (g = −.27). Gender differences were less pronounced with parents and were more pronounced with unfamiliar adults (for positive emotions) and with peers/when alone (for externalizing emotions). Our findings of gender differences in emotion expression in specific contexts have important implications for gender differences in children’s healthy and maladaptive development.
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