Becoming a balanced, proficient bilingual: Predictions from age of acquisition & genetic background.
Becoming a balanced, proficient bilingual: Predictions from age of acquisition & genetic background.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jneuroling.2017.12.012
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发表时间：
2018-05
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Hernandez AE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Vaughn KA;Hernandez AE
与多巴胺功能相关的遗传变异(例如，DRD2基因中的ANKK1/TaqIa多态和COMT基因中的Val158Met多态)先前已被证明预测认知灵活性和学习(例如)。此外，研究人员发现，这些遗传变异也可能预测第二语言学习，尽管这种关系可能会在一生中发生变化。本研究考察了ANKK1/TaqIa和Val158Met基因多态与第二语言习得年龄(AOA)之间的关系，以预测西班牙语-英语双语者的双语水平。结果表明，这是一种三向交互作用，即遗传变异与双语水平之间的关系取决于AOA。在早期的Aoas中，拥有与较高水平的皮质下多巴胺(A1+)相关的基因变异预示着双语熟练程度的最高水平。在后来的AoAS中，携带与皮质多巴胺水平在稳定性和灵活性(Val/Met)之间平衡的基因变异的个体预测了最高水平的双语熟练程度。这些结果与语言发展作为早期皮层下过程和后期皮层过程的理论相吻合，也符合语言发展的稳定性和灵活性在双语发展中的重要性。最后，这项研究提出了关于双语和认知控制之间因果关系的方向的问题，这是关于“双语优势”的辩论的核心。
Genetic variants related to dopamine functioning (e.g., the ANKK1/TaqIa polymorphism within the DRD2 gene and the Val158Met polymorphism within the COMT gene) have previously been shown to predict cognitive flexibility and learning (e.g.,). Additionally, researchers have found that these genetic variants may also predict second language learning, although this relationship may change across the lifespan. The current study examined the role of the ANKK1/TaqIa and Val158Met polymorphisms along with age of second language acquisition (AoA) in order to predict levels of bilingual proficiency in Spanish-English bilinguals. Results indicated a three-way interaction such that the relationship between the genetic variants and bilingual proficiency depended on AoA. At earlier AoAs, having the genetic variant associated with higher levels of subcortical dopamine (A1+) predicted the highest levels of bilingual proficiency. At later AoAs, individuals with the genetic variant associated with cortical dopamine levels that are balanced between stability and flexibility (Val/Met) predicted the highest levels of bilingual proficiency. These results fit with theories about the development of language as a subcortical process early in life and as a cortical process later in life, as well as the importance of both stability and flexibility in bilingual language development. Finally, this study raises questions about the direction of causality between bilingualism and cognitive control, which is central to the debate over the "bilingual advantage."
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