Rapid encoding and perception of novel odors in the rat.
Rapid encoding and perception of novel odors in the rat.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pbio.0060082
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发表时间：
2008-04-08
期刊：
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Wachowiak, Matt
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wesson, Daniel W.;Carey, Ryan M.;Verhagen, Justus V.;Wachowiak, Matt
为了深入了解神经活动的参数是重要的，在形成的气味的感知，我们结合了气味感知的行为措施与光学成像的气味表示在受体神经元输入到大鼠嗅球的水平。而不是典型的测试动物的能力，区分两个熟悉的气味表现出操作性的反应，我们使用了一种自发表达的反应，一种新的气味探索性的嗅探作为气味感知的措施。这个试验使我们能够测量老鼠自发气味辨别的速度。有了这个范例，大鼠歧视，并开始响应一种新的气味，在短短140毫秒。这个时间是可比的，在早期的研究中使用操作性行为读数后，广泛的培训。在这些试验的一个子集中，我们同时成像受体神经元输入到背侧嗅球，具有近毫秒的时间分辨率，因为动物采样，然后对新的气味作出反应。成像数据显示，大部分辨别时间可以归因于气味检测的外围事件：受体输入在吸入开始后100-150 ms到达嗅球，仅留下50-100 ms用于中央处理和响应启动。在大多数试验中，甚至在最初的受体神经元放电停止之前，在肾小球活动的空间图完全形成之前，气味辨别就已经发生了。这些结果表明，编码策略中，最早激活的肾小球发挥了重要作用，在最初的气味质量的感知，并根据简单的变化穗率的编码和处理方案的限制。嗅觉刺激引起跨受体神经元组以及跨中枢神经元的时间复杂的活动模式。目前尚不清楚这些复杂的活动模式中的哪些参数对形成气味感知很重要。为了解决这个问题，我们从清醒大鼠的嗅球成像，因为它们检测到并对气味做出反应。我们使用了一种自发表达的反应，新的气味探索性的嗅探，作为气味感知的行为措施。这项试验使我们能够通过监测呼吸的变化来测量大鼠进行简单气味辨别的速度。大鼠在短短140 ms内区分出一种新的气味剂和一种习得的气味剂。同时对受体神经元携带的嗅球的感觉输入进行成像，发现大部分反应时间是由于气味剂检测背后的外周事件（吸入和受体神经元激活），只剩下50-100 ms用于中央处理和反应启动。在大多数试验中，对新气味的反应开始于最初的输入停止之前，也是在灯泡输入的空间模式完全发展之前。这些结果表明，编码策略中，最早的输入发挥了重要作用，在最初的感知气味质量和地方的限制编码方案的基础上简单的变化，发射率。成像清醒大鼠的嗅球显示，气味歧视发生后约100毫秒的感觉输入到达大脑，急剧限制的作用，尖峰率和时间整合可以发挥编码气味身份。
To gain insight into which parameters of neural activity are important in shaping the perception of odors, we combined a behavioral measure of odor perception with optical imaging of odor representations at the level of receptor neuron input to the rat olfactory bulb. Instead of the typical test of an animal's ability to discriminate two familiar odorants by exhibiting an operant response, we used a spontaneously expressed response to a novel odorant—exploratory sniffing—as a measure of odor perception. This assay allowed us to measure the speed with which rats perform spontaneous odor discriminations. With this paradigm, rats discriminated and began responding to a novel odorant in as little as 140 ms. This time is comparable to that measured in earlier studies using operant behavioral readouts after extensive training. In a subset of these trials, we simultaneously imaged receptor neuron input to the dorsal olfactory bulb with near-millisecond temporal resolution as the animal sampled and then responded to the novel odorant. The imaging data revealed that the bulk of the discrimination time can be attributed to the peripheral events underlying odorant detection: receptor input arrives at the olfactory bulb 100–150 ms after inhalation begins, leaving only 50–100 ms for central processing and response initiation. In most trials, odor discrimination had occurred even before the initial barrage of receptor neuron firing had ceased and before spatial maps of activity across glomeruli had fully developed. These results suggest a coding strategy in which the earliest-activated glomeruli play a major role in the initial perception of odor quality, and place constraints on coding and processing schemes based on simple changes in spike rate. Olfactory stimuli elicit temporally complex patterns of activity across groups of receptor neurons as well as across central neurons. It remains unclear which parameters among these complex activity patterns are important in shaping odor perception. To address this issue, we imaged from the olfactory bulb of awake rats as they detected and responded to odorants. We used a spontaneously expressed response to novel odorants—exploratory sniffing—as a behavioral measure of odor perception. This assay allowed us to measure the speed with which rats perform simple odor discriminations by monitoring changes in respiration. Rats discriminated a novel odorant from a learned one in as little as 140 ms. Simultaneously imaging the sensory input to the olfactory bulb carried by receptor neurons revealed that the bulk of the response time is due to the peripheral events underlying odorant detection (inhalation and receptor neuron activation), leaving only 50–100 ms for central processing and response initiation. In most trials, responses to a novel odorant began before the initial barrage of input had ceased and before spatial patterns of input to the bulb had fully developed. These results suggest a coding strategy in which the earliest inputs play a major role in the initial perception of odor quality and place constraints on coding schemes based on simple changes in firing rate. Imaging the olfactory bulb of awake rats reveals that odor discrimination occurs about 100 ms after sensory input reaches the brain, sharply limiting the role that spike rate and temporal integration can play in coding odor identity.
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影响因子：
64.8
作者：
HOPFIELD, JJ
通讯作者：
HOPFIELD, JJ
影响因子：
16.2
作者：
Abraham, NM;Spors, H;Schaefer, AT
通讯作者：
Schaefer, AT
DOI：
10.1016/0034-5687(95)00063-1
发表时间：
1995-12-01
期刊：
RESPIRATION PHYSIOLOGY
影响因子：
--
作者：
Benacka, R;Tomori, Z
通讯作者：
Tomori, Z
影响因子：
5.5
作者：
FIRESTEIN, S;SHEPHERD, GM;WERBLIN, FS
通讯作者：
WERBLIN, FS
影响因子：
16.2
作者：
Franks, KM;Isaacson, JS
通讯作者：
Isaacson, JS