Limbic justice--amygdala involvement in immediate rejection in the Ultimatum Game.
Limbic justice--amygdala involvement in immediate rejection in the Ultimatum Game.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pbio.1001054
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发表时间：
2011-05
期刊：
影响因子：
9.8
通讯作者：
Ingvar M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gospic K;Mohlin E;Fransson P;Petrovic P;Johannesson M;Ingvar M
成像研究揭示了决策过程中情绪偏差的一种假定的神经解释。然而，在以前的研究中，很难确定参与决策的不同次区域的因果作用。最后通牒博弈(UG)是一种研究违规行为惩罚的博弈。在之前关于UG的一篇有影响力的论文中，有人认为额叶岛叶皮质在排斥反应中起着关键作用。这一观点与大量文献并不一致，这些文献将情绪决策的关键作用归因于皮质下结构(即杏仁核)。在这项研究中，我们提出了一个可以加入这些观点的解剖学信息模型。我们还提出了一种设计，可以检测皮层下网络中对不公平建议的功能性解剖反应，该网络介导快速反应。我们使用功能磁共振范式来研究决策的早期成分，并通过引入药物干预来扰乱引发的行为和神经反应来挑战我们的范式。苯二氮卓类药物治疗降低了排斥率(从37.6%降至19.0%)，同时杏仁核对不公平建议的反应减弱，尽管不公平的感觉和孤岛反应没有变化。在对照组，排斥反应与杏仁核活动的增加直接相关。这些结果允许对与最初的反应性情绪反应相关的排斥反应的早期神经成分进行功能解剖检测。因此，即时排斥的行为似乎是由边缘系统调节的，而不是像先前所说的那样完全由皮质过程驱动。我们的结果还引发了一场伦理讨论，因为我们证明了一种常用药物影响了构成个人自主权和经济决策的人脑核心功能。众所周知，情绪会影响决策。研究这种关系的一种方法是最后通牒博弈，它揭示了主体惩罚他人的不公平行为，尽管伴随而来的是经济损失。之前的脑成像研究表明，这种惩罚的决定涉及复杂的皮质处理。然而，惩罚也涉及到瞬间的攻击性情绪反应，这种行为通常与杏仁核等皮质下结构有关。在这项研究中，我们提出了一个结合这些观点的模型。我们设计了一个范式，允许我们在最后通牒游戏中测量大脑皮质下区域的活动，同时使用一种可以抑制情绪反应和杏仁核活动的药理学方法。药物治疗使受试者对不公平行为的惩罚较少，并减少了杏仁核对不公平建议的反应，而不会改变受试者的不公平感觉。在对照组，惩罚与杏仁核活动的增加直接相关。因此，对不公平行为的直接惩罚涉及杏仁核，而不是像之前所说的那样，仅仅由皮质过程驱动。我们的结果表明，一种常用药物会影响自主性和决策，这可能会对其使用产生伦理影响。
Imaging studies have revealed a putative neural account of emotional bias in decision making. However, it has been difficult in previous studies to identify the causal role of the different sub-regions involved in decision making. The Ultimatum Game (UG) is a game to study the punishment of norm-violating behavior. In a previous influential paper on UG it was suggested that frontal insular cortex has a pivotal role in the rejection response. This view has not been reconciled with a vast literature that attributes a crucial role in emotional decision making to a subcortical structure (i.e., amygdala). In this study we propose an anatomy-informed model that may join these views. We also present a design that detects the functional anatomical response to unfair proposals in a subcortical network that mediates rapid reactive responses. We used a functional MRI paradigm to study the early components of decision making and challenged our paradigm with the introduction of a pharmacological intervention to perturb the elicited behavioral and neural response. Benzodiazepine treatment decreased the rejection rate (from 37.6% to 19.0%) concomitantly with a diminished amygdala response to unfair proposals, and this in spite of an unchanged feeling of unfairness and unchanged insular response. In the control group, rejection was directly linked to an increase in amygdala activity. These results allow a functional anatomical detection of the early neural components of rejection associated with the initial reactive emotional response. Thus, the act of immediate rejection seems to be mediated by the limbic system and is not solely driven by cortical processes, as previously suggested. Our results also prompt an ethical discussion as we demonstrated that a commonly used drug influences core functions in the human brain that underlie individual autonomy and economic decision making. It is well-established that emotions influence decision making. One way of studying this relationship is the Ultimatum Game, which has revealed that subjects punish unfair behavior in others in spite of receiving a concomitant economic loss. Previous brain imaging studies have suggested that this decision to punish involves complex cortical processing. However, punishment also involves an instant aggressive emotional response, a behavior often linked to subcortical structures such as the amygdala. In this study, we present a model that joins these views. We designed a paradigm that allows us to measure the activity of subcortical brain regions during decision making in the Ultimatum Game, while at the same time using a pharmacological approach that can suppress emotional responses and amygdala activity. The pharmacological treatment made subjects punish unfair behavior less, and decreased brain activity in the amygdala in response to unfair proposals, without changing the subjects' feeling of unfairness. In the control group, punishment was directly linked to an increase in amygdala activity. Thus, immediate punishment of unfair behavior involves the amygdala and is not solely driven by cortical processes, as previously suggested. Our results show that a commonly used drug influences autonomy and decision making, which may have ethical implications for its use.
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影响因子：
5.7
作者：
Maldjian, JA;Laurienti, PJ;Burdette, JH
通讯作者：
Burdette, JH
DOI：
10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07094.x
发表时间：
2003-01-01
期刊：
AMYGDALA IN BRAIN FUNCTION: BASIC AND CLINICAL APPROACHES
影响因子：
--
作者：
Bechara, A;Damasio, H;Damasio, AR
通讯作者：
Damasio, AR
影响因子：
2.2
作者：
GUTH, W;SCHMITTBERGER, R;SCHWARZE, B
通讯作者：
SCHWARZE, B
影响因子：
3.2
作者：
Iidaka, Tetsuya;Saito, Daisuke N.;Sadato, Norihiro
通讯作者：
Sadato, Norihiro
DOI：
10.1126/science.1128356
发表时间：
2006-08-04
期刊：
Science (New York, N.Y.)
影响因子：
--
作者：
De Martino B;Kumaran D;Seymour B;Dolan RJ
通讯作者：
Dolan RJ