Algivore or phototroph? Plakobranchus ocellatus (Gastropoda) continuously acquires kleptoplasts and nutrition from multiple algal species in nature.
Algivore or phototroph? Plakobranchus ocellatus (Gastropoda) continuously acquires kleptoplasts and nutrition from multiple algal species in nature.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0042024
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Maruyama T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Maeda T;Hirose E;Chikaraishi Y;Kawato M;Takishita K;Yoshida T;Verbruggen H;Tanaka J;Shimamura S;Takaki Y;Tsuchiya M;Iwai K;Maruyama T
海蛞蝓Plakobranchus ocellatus（Sacoglossa，Gastropoda）在其消化腺的上皮细胞中保留来自摄入的藻类的光合活性叶绿体（功能性kleptoplasts）长达10个月。虽然在自然栖息地中尚未观察到它的摄食行为，但提出了两种假设：1）成年眼斑拟步行虫利用链原体获得光合产物，在营养上表现为光合自养生物，而不补充链原体;或2）它表现为混合营养生物（光合自养生物和草食性消费者），并持续或定期补充链原体。为了解决这一问题的假设是更有可能的，我们研究了源藻类的kleptoplasts和kleptoplast组成和营养的贡献的时间变化。通过使用rbcL序列表征P. ocellatus kleptoplasts的时间多样性，我们发现，P. ocellatus收获kleptoplasts从至少8个不同的管形绿色藻类物种，kleptoplasts从一个以上的物种存在于每个单独的海蛞蝓，kleptoplasts组成的时间不同。这些结果表明，野生眼斑原甲藻经常以多种管藻为食，并从这些管藻中不断获得新鲜的叶绿体。通过使用氨基酸的稳定氮同位素组成估计野生和饥饿的眼斑拟步行虫的营养位置，我们表明，尽管纤体丰富，但它们的光合产物对野生眼斑拟步行虫的营养贡献不大，但纤体光合产物形成了饥饿海蛞蝓的重要营养来源。野生P. ocellatus的草食性与分子分析的见解一致，表明kleptoplasts经常从摄入的藻类中补充，从而得出结论，P. ocellatus的自然种群不依赖于光合作用，而主要是消化摄入的藻类。
The sea slug Plakobranchus ocellatus (Sacoglossa, Gastropoda) retains photosynthetically active chloroplasts from ingested algae (functional kleptoplasts) in the epithelial cells of its digestive gland for up to 10 months. While its feeding behavior has not been observed in natural habitats, two hypotheses have been proposed: 1) adult P. ocellatus uses kleptoplasts to obtain photosynthates and nutritionally behaves as a photoautotroph without replenishing the kleptoplasts; or 2) it behaves as a mixotroph (photoautotroph and herbivorous consumer) and replenishes kleptoplasts continually or periodically. To address the question of which hypothesis is more likely, we examined the source algae for kleptoplasts and temporal changes in kleptoplast composition and nutritional contribution. By characterizing the temporal diversity of P. ocellatus kleptoplasts using rbcL sequences, we found that P. ocellatus harvests kleptoplasts from at least 8 different siphonous green algal species, that kleptoplasts from more than one species are present in each individual sea slug, and that the kleptoplast composition differs temporally. These results suggest that wild P. ocellatus often feed on multiple species of siphonous algae from which they continually obtain fresh chloroplasts. By estimating the trophic position of wild and starved P. ocellatus using the stable nitrogen isotopic composition of amino acids, we showed that despite the abundance of kleptoplasts, their photosynthates do not contribute greatly to the nutrition of wild P. ocellatus, but that kleptoplast photosynthates form a significant source of nutrition for starved sea slugs. The herbivorous nature of wild P. ocellatus is consistent with insights from molecular analyses indicating that kleptoplasts are frequently replenished from ingested algae, leading to the conclusion that natural populations of P. ocellatus do not rely on photosynthesis but mainly on the digestion of ingested algae.
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影响因子：
0.9
作者：
Hirose, Euichi
通讯作者：
Hirose, Euichi
影响因子：
4.8
作者：
Jones, CG;Lawton, JH;Shachak, M
通讯作者：
Shachak, M
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.86.11.4156
发表时间：
1989-06-01
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
DENG, XW;WING, RA;GRUISSEM, W
通讯作者：
GRUISSEM, W
DOI：
10.1093/bioinformatics/btp348
发表时间：
2009-08-01
期刊：
Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)
影响因子：
--
作者：
Capella-Gutiérrez S;Silla-Martínez JM;Gabaldón T
通讯作者：
Gabaldón T
影响因子：
2.4
作者：
Evertsen, Jussi;Burghardt, Ingo;Waegele, Heike
通讯作者：
Waegele, Heike