Extensive GJD2 Expression in the Song Motor Pathway Reveals the Extent of Electrical Synapses in the Songbird Brain.
Extensive GJD2 Expression in the Song Motor Pathway Reveals the Extent of Electrical Synapses in the Songbird Brain.
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DOI：
10.3390/biology10111099
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发表时间：
2021-10-25
期刊：
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Gahr M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Alcami P;Totagera S;Sohnius-Wilhelmi N;Leitner S;Grothe B;Frankl-Vilches C;Gahr M
电突触在神经系统中普遍存在，它们在神经系统中及时协调神经网络的活动。然而，它们在复杂行为的执行和学习中的作用仍然未知。鸣禽大脑中的电突触尚未被探索，它提供了一个模型，将复杂行为的产生和学习与定义的神经回路的突触结构联系起来。在这里，我们表明，GJD 2 mRNA，编码的主要通道形成的电突触蛋白连接蛋白36（Cx36），广泛表达在两个核，控制歌曲的生产，HVC和RA及其嵌入区域。我们的原位杂交，连同已发表的转录组学数据的分析，表明电突触是一个普遍的和广泛的功能，在鸣禽的歌曲运动前核，在那里他们表现出大脑区域特异性，细胞类型特异性的表达模式，在神经元分化的动态。我们建议鸣禽作为一个合适的模型，调查的主要脊椎动物电突触蛋白，Cx36，在脊椎动物的运动技能的生产和学习的贡献。鸟鸣是一种精确定时的动物行为。歌曲运动前神经网络的连通性被认为是控制歌唱过程中发声肌肉运动的神经元活动的时间模式的基础。虽然通过化学突触的运动前核的连接已经被表征，电突触和它们的分子身份仍然未被探索。我们显示与原位杂交，GJD 2 mRNA，编码的主要通道形成的电突触蛋白在哺乳动物中，连接蛋白36，表达在两个核，控制歌曲的生产，HVC和RA从金丝雀和斑胸草雀。在金丝雀的HVC中，GJD 2 mRNA在GABA能细胞中广泛表达，并且仅在一部分GABA能细胞中表达。相反，在RA中，GJD 2 mRNA表达广泛存在于谷氨酸能和GABA能神经元中。值得注意的是，GJD2的表达是相似的，在鸣唱核和它们各自的嵌入脑区，揭示了GJD2在鸟类大脑中的广泛表达。斑马和孟加拉雀的单细胞测序数据库的检查概括了我们在金丝雀的HVC和RA中发现的细胞类型和歌唱核的电突触分布，揭示了HVC神经元亚型中GJD 2 mRNA表达的差异及其沿神经源性谱系的短暂增加沿着。我们建议鸣禽是一个合适的模型来研究电突触对运动技能学习和产生的贡献。
Electrical synapses are ubiquitous in nervous systems, where they coordinate the activity of neural networks in time. However, their role in the execution and learning of complex behaviors remains unknown. Electrical synapses have remained unexplored in the songbird brain, which provides a model to link the production and learning of a complex behavior to the synaptic structure of defined neural circuits. Here, we show that GJD2 mRNA, coding for the major channel-forming electrical synapse protein connexin 36 (Cx36), is extensively expressed in the two nuclei that control song production, HVC and RA and their embedding regions. Our in situ hybridizations, together with the analysis of published transcriptomics data, demonstrate that electrical synapses are a general and widespread feature of song premotor nuclei in songbirds, where they show brain region-specific, cell type-specific expression patterns, dynamic during neuronal differentiation. We propose songbirds as a suitable model to investigate the contribution of the major vertebrate electrical synapse protein, Cx36, to the production and learning of motor skills in vertebrates. Birdsong is a precisely timed animal behavior. The connectivity of song premotor neural networks has been proposed to underlie the temporal patterns of neuronal activity that control vocal muscle movements during singing. Although the connectivity of premotor nuclei via chemical synapses has been characterized, electrical synapses and their molecular identity remain unexplored. We show with in situ hybridizations that GJD2 mRNA, coding for the major channel-forming electrical synapse protein in mammals, connexin 36, is expressed in the two nuclei that control song production, HVC and RA from canaries and zebra finches. In canaries’ HVC, GJD2 mRNA is extensively expressed in GABAergic and only a fraction of glutamatergic cells. By contrast, in RA, GJD2 mRNA expression is widespread in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. Remarkably, GJD2 expression is similar in song nuclei and their respective embedding brain regions, revealing the widespread expression of GJD2 in the avian brain. Inspection of a single-cell sequencing database from zebra and Bengalese finches generalizes the distributions of electrical synapses across cell types and song nuclei that we found in HVC and RA from canaries, reveals a differential GJD2 mRNA expression in HVC glutamatergic subtypes and its transient increase along the neurogenic lineage. We propose that songbirds are a suitable model to investigate the contribution of electrical synapses to motor skill learning and production.
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影响因子：
56.9
作者：
ALVAREZBUYLLA, A;KIRN, JR;NOTTEBOHM, F
通讯作者：
NOTTEBOHM, F
大脑通路复制的大脑进化。
DOI：
10.1098/rstb.2015.0056
发表时间：
2015-12-19
期刊：
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences
影响因子：
--
作者：
Chakraborty M;Jarvis ED
通讯作者：
Jarvis ED
影响因子：
2.9
作者：
Gahr, M;GarciaSegura, LM
通讯作者：
GarciaSegura, LM
影响因子：
16.2
作者：
Hamaguchi K;Tanaka M;Mooney R
通讯作者：
Mooney R
影响因子：
16.2
作者：
Lynch, Galen F.;Okubo, Tatsuo S.;Fee, Michale S.
通讯作者：
Fee, Michale S.