Both living bacteria and eukaryotes in the mosquito gut promote growth of larvae.
Both living bacteria and eukaryotes in the mosquito gut promote growth of larvae.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pntd.0006638
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发表时间：
2018-07
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Strand MR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Valzania L;Martinson VG;Harrison RE;Boyd BM;Coon KL;Brown MR;Strand MR
我们最近报道了埃及伊蚊和其他几种蚊子的幼虫期在肠道中存在活细菌时生长，但在没有活细菌时不生长。我们进一步报道了活细菌在肠道中诱导缺氧信号，这激活了缺氧诱导的转录因子和幼虫生长所需的其他过程。在这项研究中，我们评估了其他类型的生物体是否会诱导蚊子幼虫生长，并询问了非活体微生物或饮食幼虫的密度是否超过了对活体生物体的要求，先前的结果表明，这是生长所必需的。使用相同的培养条件，我们自己以前的研究，我们确定，接种密度的活大肠杆菌积极影响的Ae的生长速度。埃及伊蚊幼虫，而非生活E.大肠杆菌在相同的接种密度范围内对生长没有影响。一个活的酵母，昆虫和昆虫细胞系诱导的纯Ae。埃及伊蚊第一龄幼虫的生长，并刺激类似水平的中肠缺氧，HIF-α稳定，和中性脂质积累的脂肪体作为E。杆菌然而，相同的生物体没有影响幼虫的生长，如果热杀死。此外，无菌幼虫蜕皮时，喂养其他两种饮食，当喂养的饮食补充热杀死的微生物或裂解和热杀死的微生物。用一个实验。冈比亚得出了类似的结论。两者合计，我们的研究结果表明，来自不同的原核和真核生物群的生物体诱导蚊子幼虫生长，而没有条件被确定为刺激幼虫生长在没有活的生物体。我们实验室进行的研究表明，几种蚊子幼虫需要肠道中的活细菌才能生长。先前的研究结果还表明，活细菌将肠道氧含量降低到5%以下，并且细菌诱导的肠道缺氧作为激活具有生长功能的幼虫中的几个过程的信号。在这里，我们报告说，细菌密度影响幼虫的生长速度和其他生物体，除了细菌诱导幼虫阶段埃及伊蚊和冈比亚按蚊生长。与此相反，对活生物体的需求并没有改变饲料幼虫喂养。这些发现具有根本意义，因为它们表明肠道中的几种类型的生物体在存活时激活相同的生长相关过程，但在非存活时没有这样做。报告的结果也适用于生产纯成年蚊子用于不同类型的研究的影响。
We recently reported that larval stage Aedes aegypti and several other species of mosquitoes grow when living bacteria are present in the gut but do not grow when living bacteria are absent. We further reported that living bacteria induce a hypoxia signal in the gut, which activates hypoxia-induced transcription factors and other processes larvae require for growth. In this study we assessed whether other types of organisms induce mosquito larvae to grow and asked if the density of non-living microbes or diet larvae are fed obviate the requirement for living organisms prior results indicated are required for growth. Using culture conditions identical to our own prior studies, we determined that inoculation density of living Escherichia coli positively affected growth rates of Ae. aegypti larvae, whereas non-living E. coli had no effect on growth across the same range of inoculation densities. A living yeast, alga, and insect cell line induced axenic Ae. aegypti first instars to grow, and stimulated similar levels of midgut hypoxia, HIF-α stabilization, and neutral lipid accumulation in the fat body as E. coli. However, the same organisms had no effect on larval growth if heat-killed. In addition, no axenic larvae molted when fed two other diets, when fed diets supplemented with heat-killed microbes or lysed and heat-killed microbes. Experiments conducted with An. gambiae yielded similar findings. Taken together, our results indicate that organisms from different prokaryotic and eukaryotic groups induce mosquito larvae to grow, whereas no conditions were identified that stimulated larvae to grow in the absence of living organisms. Studies conducted in our laboratory indicate that several species of mosquito larvae require living bacteria in their gut to grow. Previous results also show that living bacteria reduce gut oxygen levels below 5% and that bacteria-induced gut hypoxia functions as a signal that activates several processes in larvae with growth functions. Here we report that bacterial density affects larval growth rates and that other living organisms besides bacteria induce larval stage Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae to grow. In contrast, the requirement for living organisms was not altered by the diet larvae were fed. These findings are of fundamental interest because they show that several types of organisms in the gut activate the same growth-related processes when viable but none do so when non-viable. Reported results also have applied implications for producing axenic adult mosquitoes for use in different types of studies.
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影响因子：
4.2
作者：
Duguma D;Hall MW;Rugman-Jones P;Stouthamer R;Terenius O;Neufeld JD;Walton WE
通讯作者：
Walton WE
影响因子：
3.2
作者：
Gimonneau, Geoffrey;Tchioffo, Majoline T.;Morlais, Isabelle
通讯作者：
Morlais, Isabelle
影响因子：
2.7
作者：
Chavshin, Ali Reza;Oshaghi, Mohammad Ali;Ghoorchian, Sadigheh
通讯作者：
Ghoorchian, Sadigheh
影响因子：
1.3
作者：
MUNDERLOH, UG;KURTTI, TJ;MARAMOROSCH, K
通讯作者：
MARAMOROSCH, K
影响因子：
15.5
作者：
Guégan M;Zouache K;Démichel C;Minard G;Tran Van V;Potier P;Mavingui P;Valiente Moro C
通讯作者：
Valiente Moro C