Assessment of Children's Metal Exposure via Hand Wipe, Outdoor Soil and Indoor Dust and Their Associations with Blood Biomarkers.
Assessment of Children's Metal Exposure via Hand Wipe, Outdoor Soil and Indoor Dust and Their Associations with Blood Biomarkers.
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DOI：
10.3390/ijerph192114614
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发表时间：
2022-11-07
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Duan, Xiaoli
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wang, Beibei;Gao, Fei;Li, Yujie;Lin, Chunye;Cheng, Hongguang;Duan, Xiaoli
土壤环境对人类接触金属有相当大的影响。本研究采用不同的采样方法(手擦、室内粉尘和室外土壤)和评估策略，结合外部暴露评估方法和与内部生物标志物的相关性，综合比较儿童对土壤金属的暴露情况。对中国西北部地区60名3~12岁儿童同时采集环境暴露样本(手擦、室外土壤和室内粉尘)、血液样本和儿童特有暴露因素。对8种典型有毒金属进行了分析。结果表明，手巾中的金属含量与儿童的年龄、居住年限和游乐区的地面类型有关。手口接触是儿童接触金属的重要途径，相应的口腔接触铬的致癌风险已经超过了最大可接受水平。相比之下，手巾中的金属浓度是室外土壤和室内灰尘中金属浓度的一到七倍。对于估计的暴露剂量，甚至发现了更大的差异，这可能导致几到几十倍的差异。此外，手巾中的铅、锰和铬与血液中的铅、锰、铬呈显著正相关，而与土壤和粉尘中的铅、锰、铬无相关性。本研究表明，不同的抽样和评估策略的选择可能会导致儿童金属暴露结果的巨大差异。研究还表明，与土壤和粉尘相比，手擦可以更好地评估儿童的金属暴露，它可以反映真实的综合暴露水平和个体差异。进一步的研究应使擦手的抽样方法标准化，并验证其对其他年龄段的适用性。
The soil environment contributes considerably to human exposure to metals. This study aimed to comprehensively compare children’s exposure to soil metals using different sampling approaches (i.e., hand wipe, indoor dust and outdoor soil) and assessment strategies, combing the method of external exposure evaluation and the correlation with internal biomarkers. Environmental exposure samples (hand wipe, outdoor soil and indoor dust), blood samples and child-specific exposure factors were simultaneously collected for 60 children aged 3 to 12 years from an area of northwestern China. Eight typical toxic metals were analyzed. Results showed that metal levels in hand wipes were associated with children’s age, years of residency and the ground types of the play areas. Hand-to-mouth contact was an important pathway for children’s metal exposure, with the corresponding oral exposure cancer risk to Cr already exceeding the maximum acceptable level. In comparison, metal concentrations in hand wipes were one to seven times higher than those in outdoor soil and indoor dust. Even greater discrepancies were found for the estimated exposure dose, which could lead to differences of several to dozens of times. In addition, Pb, Mn and Cr in hand wipes were significantly correlated with those in blood, whereas no relationships were found with soil and dust. This study indicates that the selection of different sampling and assessing strategies could lead to great differences in children metal exposure outcomes. It also suggests that hand wipe, which could reflect the true and integrated exposure level and the individual difference, serves as a better matrix to assess children’s metal exposure compared to soil and dust. Further studies should standardize the sampling method for hand wipes and verify its applicability for other age groups.
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