Opportunity costs of reward delays and the discounting of hypothetical money and cigarettes.
Opportunity costs of reward delays and the discounting of hypothetical money and cigarettes.
复制标题
奖励延迟的机会成本以及假设金钱和香烟的折扣。
DOI：
10.1002/jeab.110
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发表时间：
2015-01
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Johnson, Matthew W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Johnson, Patrick S.;Herrmann, Evan S.;Johnson, Matthew W.
据报道，人类对延迟奖励的折扣率低于非人类。然而，非人类在限制延迟期间强化的任务中被研究，而人类通常在不限制延迟期间强化的任务中被研究。在非人类任务中，延迟期间有限强化的机会成本可能会增加延迟折现率。目前的受试者内部研究使用在线众包（Amazon Mechanical Turk，或MTurk）来评估在四种假设的框架条件下，假设延迟的金钱（和吸烟者的香烟）在延迟期间的强化可用性不同的折扣。在一种极端情况下，参与者可以自由地离开他们的电脑而不返回，并在奖励延迟期间从事任何行为（模拟典型的人工任务）。在另一个极端，参与者被要求在奖励延迟期间呆在电脑前，几乎没有其他行为（模拟典型的非人类任务）。贴现率作为机会成本的有序函数而增加。结果还表明，主要是双曲线折现，“幅度效应”，香烟的折现比钱的折现更陡峭，以及这些商品的折现率之间的正相关。这是第一个测试机会成本对贴现影响的研究，并表明程序差异可能部分解释了观察到的物种贴现差异。
Humans are reported to discount delayed rewards at lower rates than nonhumans. However, nonhumans are studied in tasks that restrict reinforcement during delays, whereas humans are typically studied in tasks that do not restrict reinforcement during delays. In nonhuman tasks, the opportunity cost of restricted reinforcement during delays may increase delay discounting rates. The present within-subjects study used online crowdsourcing (Amazon Mechanical Turk, or MTurk) to assess the discounting of hypothetical delayed money (and cigarettes in smokers) under four hypothetical framing conditions differing in the availability of reinforcement during delays. At one extreme, participants were free to leave their computer without returning, and engage in any behavior during reward delays (modeling typical human tasks). At the opposite extreme, participants were required to stay at their computer and engage in little other behavior during reward delays (modeling typical nonhuman tasks). Discounting rates increased as an orderly function of opportunity cost. Results also indicated predominantly hyperbolic discounting, the “magnitude effect,” steeper discounting of cigarettes than money, and positive correlations between discounting rates of these commodities. This is the first study to test the effects of opportunity costs on discounting, and suggests that procedural differences may partially account for observed species differences in discounting.
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