Cytotoxicity and Characterization of Ultrafine Particles from Desktop Three-Dimensional Printers with Multiple Filaments.
Cytotoxicity and Characterization of Ultrafine Particles from Desktop Three-Dimensional Printers with Multiple Filaments.
复制标题
DOI：
10.3390/toxics11090720
复制
发表时间：
2023-08-22
期刊：
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Wang J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fang R;Mohammed AN;Yadav JS;Wang J
Previous research has indicated that ultrafine particles (UFPs, particles less than 100 nm) emitted from desktop three-dimensional (3D) printers exhibit cytotoxicity. However, only a limited number of particles from different filaments and their combinations have been tested for cytotoxicity. This study quantified the emissions of UFPs from a commercially available filament extrusion desktop 3D printer using three different filaments, including acrylonitrile butadiene Styrene (ABS), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG). In this study, controlled experiments were conducted where the particles emitted were used to expose cells grown in an air-liquid interface (ALI) system. The ALI exposures were utilized for in vitro characterization of particle mixtures, including UFPs from a 3D printer. Additionally, a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of these UFPs. A549 cells were exposed at the ALI to UFPs generated by an operational 3D printer for an average of 45 and 90 min. Twenty-four hours post-exposure, the cells were analyzed for percent cytotoxicity in a 24-well ALI insert (LDH assay). UFP exposure resulted in diminished cell viability, as evidenced by significantly increased LDH levels. The findings demonstrate that ABS has the most significant particle emission. ABS was the only filament that showed a significant difference compared to the high efficiency particulate arrestance (HEPA) following 90 min of exposure (p-value < 0.05). Both ABS and PETG exhibited a significant difference compared to the HEPA control after 45 min of exposure. A preliminary analysis of potential exposure to these products in a typical environment advises caution when operating multiple printer and filament combinations in poorly ventilated spaces or without combined gas and particle filtration systems.
登录
查看更多内容
影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Jia, G;Wang, HF;Guo, XB
通讯作者：
Guo, XB
影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Azimi, Parham;Zhao, Dan;Stephens, Brent
通讯作者：
Stephens, Brent
影响因子：
5
作者：
Stephens, Brent;Azimi, Parham;Ramos, Tiffanie
通讯作者：
Ramos, Tiffanie
影响因子：
9.8
作者：
Byrley, Peter;Wallace, M. Ariel Geer;Rogers, Kim
通讯作者：
Rogers, Kim
影响因子：
5.8
作者：
Guemperlein, I.;Fischer, E.;Schierl, R.
通讯作者：
Schierl, R.