Air quality-related health damages of food.
Air quality-related health damages of food.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2013637118
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发表时间：
2021-05-18
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Hill JD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Domingo NGG;Balasubramanian S;Thakrar SK;Clark MA;Adams PJ;Marshall JD;Muller NZ;Pandis SN;Polasky S;Robinson AL;Tessum CW;Tilman D;Tschofen P;Hill JD
空气质量差是美国和世界范围内最大的环境健康风险，农业是空气污染的主要来源。尽管如此，关于食品对健康和环境影响的讨论中基本上没有提到空气质量。我们估计了美国农业对空气质量相关的健康影响，发现每年因食品相关细颗粒物（PM2.5）污染导致的15，900例死亡中有80%可归因于动物性食品。通过估计这些影响并探索如何减少这些影响，这项工作填补了一个关键的知识空白。我们的研究结果与食品生产商、加工商和分销商以及对尽量减少食品负面影响感兴趣的政策制定者和公众有关。农业是空气污染的主要贡献者，空气污染是美国和全球死亡率的最大环境风险因素。然而，人们在很大程度上不知道个别食物或整个饮食如何通过空气质量差影响人类健康。我们展示了粮食生产如何通过增加大气细颗粒物（PM2.5）对人类健康产生负面影响，并确定了减少农业负面影响的方法。我们量化了95种农产品和67种最终食品造成的空气质量相关的健康损害，这些产品占美国农业生产的99%以上。在美国，农业生产每年导致17，900例与空气质量有关的死亡，其中15，900例来自食品生产。其中，80%归因于动物性食品，直接来自动物生产，间接来自种植动物饲料。农场干预措施可以将PM2.5相关死亡率降低50%，包括改善牲畜废物管理和化肥施用实践，减少氨（PM2.5的次要前体）的排放，以及改善作物和动物生产实践，减少耕作，田间燃烧，牲畜粉尘和机械的主要PM2.5排放。饮食转向更多的植物性食物，以保持蛋白质摄入量和其他营养需求，可以将农业空气质量相关的死亡率降低68%至83%。总之，改善畜牧业和施肥方法以及改变饮食可以大大减少农业对健康的影响，因为农业会降低空气质量。
Poor air quality is the largest environmental health risk in the United States and worldwide, and agriculture is a major source of air pollution. Nevertheless, air quality has been largely absent from discussions about the health and environmental impacts of food. We estimate the air quality–related health impacts of agriculture in the United States, finding that 80% of the 15,900 annual deaths that result from food-related fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution are attributable to animal-based foods. By estimating these impacts and exploring how to reduce them, this work fills a critical knowledge gap. Our results are relevant to food producers, processors, and distributors, and to policymakers and members of the public interested in minimizing the negative consequences of food. Agriculture is a major contributor to air pollution, the largest environmental risk factor for mortality in the United States and worldwide. It is largely unknown, however, how individual foods or entire diets affect human health via poor air quality. We show how food production negatively impacts human health by increasing atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and we identify ways to reduce these negative impacts of agriculture. We quantify the air quality–related health damages attributable to 95 agricultural commodities and 67 final food products, which encompass >99% of agricultural production in the United States. Agricultural production in the United States results in 17,900 annual air quality–related deaths, 15,900 of which are from food production. Of those, 80% are attributable to animal-based foods, both directly from animal production and indirectly from growing animal feed. On-farm interventions can reduce PM2.5-related mortality by 50%, including improved livestock waste management and fertilizer application practices that reduce emissions of ammonia, a secondary PM2.5 precursor, and improved crop and animal production practices that reduce primary PM2.5 emissions from tillage, field burning, livestock dust, and machinery. Dietary shifts toward more plant-based foods that maintain protein intake and other nutritional needs could reduce agricultural air quality–related mortality by 68 to 83%. In sum, improved livestock and fertilization practices, and dietary shifts could greatly decrease the health impacts of agriculture caused by its contribution to reduced air quality.
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DOI：
10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32225-6
发表时间：
2018-11-10
期刊：
Lancet (London, England)
影响因子：
--
作者：
GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators
通讯作者：
GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1523119113
发表时间：
2016-04-12
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Springmann, Marco;Godfray, H. Charles J.;Scarborough, Peter
通讯作者：
Scarborough, Peter
影响因子：
9.8
作者：
Giannadaki, Despina;Giannakis, Elias;Lelieveld, Jos
通讯作者：
Lelieveld, Jos
影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Tessum CW;Hill JD;Marshall JD
通讯作者：
Marshall JD
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1816102116
发表时间：
2019-04-30
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Goodkind, Andrew L.;Tessum, Christopher W.;Marshall, Julian D.
通讯作者：
Marshall, Julian D.