Natural selection in the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in bats created a generalist virus and highly capable human pathogen.

Natural selection in the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in bats created a generalist virus and highly capable human pathogen.
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蝙蝠SARS-CoV-2进化过程中的自然选择创造了一种全能病毒和高度能力的人类病原体。

DOI:
10.1371/journal.pbio.3001115
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发表时间:
2021-03
期刊:
影响因子:
9.8
通讯作者:
Robertson DL
Robertson DL
中科院分区:
生物学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
MacLean OA;Lytras S;Weaver S;Singer JB;Boni MF;Lemey P;Kosakovsky Pond SL;Robertson DL

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病毒宿主的转移通常与新的适应有关,以最佳地利用新宿主物种的细胞。令人惊讶的是,自 2019 年冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 大流行开始到 2020 年 10 月,严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 显然几乎不需要人类进行显着的适应。在这里,我们评估了马蹄蝠的 Sarbecovirus 中发生的自然选择类型与人类早期 SARS-CoV-2 的进化。虽然有适度的证据表明人类 SARS-CoV-2 的阳性选择多样化,但这仅限于大流行的早期阶段,并且 SARS-CoV-2 的纯化选择比相关的蝙蝠 Sarbecovirus 弱得多。相比之下,我们的分析发现证据表明,在 SARS-CoV-2 所产生的蝙蝠病毒谱系的基础上发生了显着的正向偶发性多样化选择,并伴随着 CpG 组成的适应性缺失,推测这与这些祖先蝙蝠宿主的抗病毒机制的作用有关。与 SARS-CoV-2 最接近的蝙蝠病毒 RmYN02(大约于 1976 年共享祖先)是一种重组体,其结构在 Spike 中包含不同的 CpG 含量;在没有其他物种参与的情况下,蝙蝠的共感染和进化的明确证据。虽然尚未发现的“促进”中间物种不容忽视,但总的来说,我们的研究结果支持 SARS-CoV-2 的祖先能够进行有效的人际传播,这是由于其在蝙蝠而非人类中的适应性进化历史的结果,人类创造了一种相对通用的病毒。对 SARS-CoV-2 自然起源的研究表明,自从它在人类中出现以来,几乎没有发生适应性进化,但在 SARS-CoV-2 起源的蝙蝠病毒谱系中却出现了强烈的进化信号。蝙蝠的进化涉及 CpG 核苷酸(与宿主抗病毒分子相关)谱系特异性的消耗,以及这些谱系之间重组的明确证据,支持蝙蝠宿主物种对祖先病毒的影响。
Virus host shifts are generally associated with novel adaptations to exploit the cells of the new host species optimally. Surprisingly, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has apparently required little to no significant adaptation to humans since the start of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to October 2020. Here we assess the types of natural selection taking place in Sarbecoviruses in horseshoe bats versus the early SARS-CoV-2 evolution in humans. While there is moderate evidence of diversifying positive selection in SARS-CoV-2 in humans, it is limited to the early phase of the pandemic, and purifying selection is much weaker in SARS-CoV-2 than in related bat Sarbecoviruses. In contrast, our analysis detects evidence for significant positive episodic diversifying selection acting at the base of the bat virus lineage SARS-CoV-2 emerged from, accompanied by an adaptive depletion in CpG composition presumed to be linked to the action of antiviral mechanisms in these ancestral bat hosts. The closest bat virus to SARS-CoV-2, RmYN02 (sharing an ancestor about 1976), is a recombinant with a structure that includes differential CpG content in Spike; clear evidence of coinfection and evolution in bats without involvement of other species. While an undiscovered “facilitating” intermediate species cannot be discounted, collectively, our results support the progenitor of SARS-CoV-2 being capable of efficient human–human transmission as a consequence of its adaptive evolutionary history in bats, not humans, which created a relatively generalist virus. A study of the natural origins of SARS-CoV-2 reveals very little adaptive evolution occurring since it emerged in humans, but strong evolutionary signals in the bat virus lineage from which SARS-CoV-2 arose. Evolution in bats involved lineage-specific depletion of CpG nucleotides (linked to host anti-viral molecules), and clear evidence of recombination across these lineages, supporting bat host species’ influence on the ancestral viruses.
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影响因子: --
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