Gaps in border controls are related to quarantine alien insect invasions in Europe.
Gaps in border controls are related to quarantine alien insect invasions in Europe.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0047689
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Aebi A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bacon SJ;Bacher S;Aebi A
越来越多的外来昆虫通过国际贸易散布到世界各地，造成了许多负面的环境影响和每年数十亿美元的经济损失。边境管制是抵御入侵的最后一道防线，检查人员的目标是拦截和阻止被有害外来昆虫污染的货物。在欧洲，成员国相互依赖，通过实施第一入境点规则来防止昆虫传入--只有在货物最初进入欧洲大陆时才对其进行控制。然而，由于没有最佳检查战略，很难确保各边境管制站之间的一致性。我们首次开发了一种方法来量化应在欧洲边境控制点进行检疫昆虫检查的农产品贸易量，该方法基于超过1亿个不同的原产地-商品-物种-目的地路径的全球农产品贸易。然后，根据2003年至2007年期间欧洲的边境拦截结果，利用这一衡量标准来评价现有边境管制的绩效。令人震惊的是，我们发现应该检查的贸易途径与实际拦截数量之间存在巨大差距。此外，许多最有可能的传入途径没有或很少有昆虫拦截，因为定期拦截只在很窄的途径范围内进行。在边境管制方面存在差距的欧洲国家，受到更多检疫性外来昆虫物种的入侵，这表明适当检查以防止昆虫入侵的重要性。根据贸易的潜在风险制定最佳检查策略，全球各国当局将能够实施更有效和一致的边境管制。
Alien insects are increasingly being dispersed around the world through international trade, causing a multitude of negative environmental impacts and billions of dollars in economic losses annually. Border controls form the last line of defense against invasions, whereby inspectors aim to intercept and stop consignments that are contaminated with harmful alien insects. In Europe, member states depend on one another to prevent insect introductions by operating a first point of entry rule – controlling goods only when they initially enter the continent. However, ensuring consistency between border control points is difficult because there exists no optimal inspection strategy. For the first time, we developed a method to quantify the volume of agricultural trade that should be inspected for quarantine insects at border control points in Europe, based on global agricultural trade of over 100 million distinct origin-commodity-species-destination pathways. This metric was then used to evaluate the performance of existing border controls, as measured by border interception results in Europe between 2003 and 2007. Alarmingly, we found significant gaps between the trade pathways that should be inspected and actual number of interceptions. Moreover, many of the most likely introduction pathways yielded none or very few insect interceptions, because regular interceptions are only made on only a narrow range of pathways. European countries with gaps in border controls have been invaded by higher numbers of quarantine alien insect species, indicating the importance of proper inspections to prevent insect invasions. Equipped with an optimal inspection strategy based on the underlying risks of trade, authorities globally will be able to implement more effective and consistent border controls.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1011728108
发表时间：
2011-01-04
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Essl, Franz;Dullinger, Stefan;Pysek, Petr
通讯作者：
Pysek, Petr
影响因子：
8.8
作者：
Puth, LM;Post, DM
通讯作者：
Post, DM
影响因子：
1.9
作者：
Kenis, M.;Rabitsch, W.;Roques, A.
通讯作者：
Roques, A.
影响因子：
10.1
作者：
Olson, DM;Dinerstein, E;Kassem, KR
通讯作者：
Kassem, KR
影响因子：
6.3
作者：
Levine, JM;D'Antonio, CM
通讯作者：
D'Antonio, CM