The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe.
The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe.
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DOI：
10.1126/science.abm4247
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发表时间：
2022-08-26
期刊：
影响因子：
56.9
通讯作者：
Reich, David
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lazaridis, Iosif;Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songul;Acar, Ayse;Acikkol, Aysen;Davtyan, Ruben;Agelarakis, Anagnostis;Aghikyan, Levon;Akyuz, Ugur;Andreeva, Desislava;AndrijaSevic, Gojko;Antonovic, Dragana;Armit, Ian;Atmaca, Alper;Avetisyan, Pavel;Aytek, Ahmet Ihsan;Bacvarov, Krum;Badalyan, Ruben;Bakardzhiev, Stefan;Balen, Jacqueline;Bejko, Lorenc;Bernardos, Rebecca;Bertsatos, Andreas;Biber, Hanifi;Bilir, Ahmet;Bodruzic, Mario;Bonogofsky, Michelle;Bonsall, Clive;Boric, Dusan;Borovinic, Nikola;Morante, Guillermo Bravo;Buttinger, Katharina;Callan, Kim;Candilio, Francesca;Caric, Mario;Cheronet, Olivia;Chohadzhiev, Stefan;Chovalopoulou, Maria-Eleni;Chryssoulaki, Stella;Ciobanu, Ion;Condic, Natalija;Constantinescu, Mihai;Cristiani, Emanuela;Culleton, Brendan J.;Curtis, Elizabeth;Davis, Jack;Demcenco, Tatiana, I;Dergachev, Valentin;Derin, Zafer;Deskaj, Sylvia;Devejyan, Seda;Djordjevic, Vojislav;Carlson, Kellie Sara Duffett;Eccles, Laurie R.;Elenski, Nedko;Engin, Atilla;Erdogan, Nihat;Erir-Pazarci, Sabiha;Fernandes, Daniel M.;Ferry, Matthew;Freilich, Suzanne;Frinculeasa, Alin;Galaty, Michael L.;Gamarra, Beatriz;Gasparyan, Boris;Gaydarska, Bisserka;Genc, Elif;Gultekin, Timur;Gunduz, Serkan;Hajdu, Tamas;Heyd, Volker;Hobosyan, Suren;Hovhannisyan, Nelli;Iliev, Iliya;Iliev, Lora;Iliev, Stanislav;Ivgin, Ilkay;Jankovic, Ivor;Jovanova, Lence;Karkanas, Panagiotis;Kaya, Esra Hilal;Keating, Denise;Kennett, Douglas J.;Kesici, Seda Deniz;Khudaverdyan, Anahit;Kiss, Krisztian;Kilic, Sinan;Klostermann, Paul;Valdes, Sinem Kostak Boca Negra;KovaCevic, SaSa;Krenz-Niedbala, Marta;Skrivanko, Maja Krznaric;Kurti, Rovena;Kuzman, Pasko;Lawson, Ann Marie;Lazar, Catalin;Leshtakov, Krassimir;Levy, Thomas E.;Liritzis, Ioannis;Lorentz, Kirsi O.;Lukasik, Sylwia;Mah, Matthew;Mallick, Swapan;Mandl, Kirsten;Martirosyan-Olshansky, Kristine;Matthews, Roger;Matthews, Wendy;McSweeney, Kathleen;Melikyan, Varduhi;Micco, Adam;Michel, Megan;Milasinovic, Lidija;Mittnik, Alissa;Monge, Janet M.;Nekhrizov, Georgi;Nicholls, Rebecca;Nikitin, Alexey G.;Nikolov, Vassil;Novak, Mario;Olalde, Inigo;Oppenheimer, Jonas;Osterholtz, Anna;Ozdemir, Celal;Ozdogan, Kadir Toykan;Ozturk, Nurettin;Papadimitriou, Nikos;Papakonstantinou, Niki;Papathanasiou, Anastasia;Paraman, Lujana;Paskary, Evgeny G.;Patterson, Nick;Petrakiev, Ilian;Petrosyan, Levon;Petrova, Vanya;Philippa-Touchais, Anna;Piliposyan, Ashot;Kuzman, Nada Pocuca;Potrebica, Hrvoje;Premuzic, Zrinka;Price, T. Douglas;Qiu, Lijun;Radovic, SiniSa;Aziz, Kamal Raeuf;Sikanjic, Petra Rajic;Raheem, Kamal Rasheed;Razumov, Sergei;Richardson, Amy;Roodenberg, Jacob;Ruka, Rudenc;Russeva, Victoria;Sahin, Mustafa;Sarbak, Aysegul;Savas, Emre;Schattke, Constanze;Schepartz, Lynne;Selcuk, Tayfun;Sevim-Erol, Ayla;Shamoon-Pour, Michel;Shephard, Henry M.;Sideris, Athanasios;Simalcsik, Angela;Simonyan, Hakob;Sinika, Vitalij;Sirak, Kendra;Sirbu, Ghenadie;Slaus, Mario;Soficaru, Andrei;Sogut, Bilal;Soltysiak, Arkadiusz;Stathi, Maria;Steskal, Martin;Stewardson, Kristin;Stocker, Sharon;Suata-Alpaslan, Fadime;Suvorov, Alexander;Szecsenyi-Nagy, Anna;Szeniczey, Tamas;Telnov, Nikolai;Temov, Strahil;Todorova, Nadezhda;Tota, Ulsi;Touchais, Gilles;Triantaphyllou, Sevi;Turker, Atila;Ugarkovic, Marina;Valchev, Todor;Veljanovska, Fanica;Videvski, Zlatko;Virag, Cristian;Wagner, Anna;Walsh, Sam;Wlodarczak, Piotr;Workman, J. Noah;Yardumian, Aram;Yarovoy, Evgenii;Yavuz, Alper Yener;Yilmaz, Hakan;Zalzala, Fatma;Zettl, Anna;Zhang, Zhao;Cavusoglu, Rafet;Rohland, Nadin;Pinhasi, Ron;Reich, David
通过对10,000多年来来自南弧（安纳托利亚及其东南欧和西亚的邻居）的727个古代个体进行测序，我们将其置于铜器时代和青铜器时代（约公元前5000- 1000年）的背景下，当时广泛的基因流将其与欧亚草原纠缠在一起。高加索和安纳托利亚/黎凡特人的祖先向北迁移，形成于大草原上的亚姆纳亚牧民向南传播：进入巴尔干半岛，穿过高加索进入亚美尼亚，在那里留下了许多父系后裔。安纳托利亚被西亚内部的基因流动所改变，后来的Yamnaya移民的影响可以忽略不计。这与所有其他使用印欧语言的地区形成鲜明对比，表明印度-安纳托利亚语系的故乡在西亚，只有非安纳托利亚印欧人从草原二次传播。安纳托利亚、其邻国和大草原之间的迁徙网络表明印度-安纳托利亚语言起源于西亚。数千年来，人类跨越“南弧”，即连接欧洲、安纳托利亚和西亚的地区。我们报告了过去11，000年来该地区727个人的古代DNA数据，我们与已发表的考古记录共同分析，以了解其人民的起源。我们专注于铜器时代和青铜时代时期~ 7000 - 3000年前，当印欧语系的语言第一次出现。语言不是基因组编码的。但遗传数据与理解语言进化有关，因为它们可以识别为语言传播提供机会的人口流动。古DNA揭示的南弧不断变化的祖先景观如何与语言学推断的结构相对应？语言学将安纳托利亚语（如赫梯语和卢维语）和印欧语（如希腊语、亚美尼亚语、拉丁语和梵语）联系起来，作为原始印欧语共同祖先的孪生子？Yamnaya文化的草原牧民发起了横跨欧亚大陆的移民链，将西部的欧洲与东部的中国和印度联系起来。我们发现巴尔干半岛的人们几乎所有的祖先都可以追溯到Yamnaya扩张（约5000 - 4500年前）。这些草原移民很快与当地人混合，创造了一个不同祖先的挂毯，其中出现了希腊语，古巴尔干语和阿尔巴尼亚语。亚姆纳亚的扩张也越过了高加索，到了大约4,000年前，亚美尼亚已经成为西亚一个低但普遍存在的草原影响的飞地，在那里，亚姆纳亚人的父系后裔在欧洲和草原上几乎灭绝了，仍然存在。亚美尼亚语在那里诞生，它与遥远的欧洲印欧语系的关系，如希腊语，反映了他们共同的Yamnaya遗产。新石器时代的安纳托利亚（土耳其）是不同人口的家园，他们既有当地的狩猎采集者，也有高加索、美索不达米亚和黎凡特的东部人口。大约在6,500年前及之后，安纳托利亚人变得更加相似，这一过程主要是由东部祖先在半岛上的流动推动的。考古学发现的众多语言，既有安纳托利亚语，也有非印欧语系的语言，如哈提克语和乌拉蒂亚语，很可能是参与这一伟大混合的当地人和移民的语言。安纳托利亚是显着的缺乏草原（Yamnaya或更早）的祖先下降到青铜时代。然而，Yamnaya的祖先主要来自西亚，主要来自高加索，这一过程始于约7,000年前，但也来自更南部的安纳托利亚-黎凡特连续体。青铜器时代，亚姆纳亚人向高加索地区的扩张可以被看作是他们大约一半祖先的家园的回归。所有古代印欧语系的使用者都可以追溯到Yamnaya文化，其向南扩张到南弧在该地区青铜时代人民的DNA中留下了痕迹。但是，连接原始印欧语的Yamnaya和安纳托利亚语的人的纽带是在西亚的高地，这是两者共同的祖先地区。多次离别，多次相遇--迁移和混合是如何推动早期语言传播的。从西亚高地向向西和向北的移民将原始印度-安纳托利亚语分裂为安纳托利亚语和印欧语分支。Yamnaya牧民是由新来者和当地人融合在草原上形成的，随着他们的广泛扩张，他们再次混合，将原始印欧语分裂成横跨欧亚大陆的子语言。地点和路线是近似的。
By sequencing 727 ancient individuals from the Southern Arc (Anatolia and neighbors in Southeastern Europe and West Asia) over 10,000 years, we contextualize its Chalcolithic and Bronze Ages (~5000-1000BCE), when extensive gene flow entangled it with the Eurasian steppe. Two streams of migration transmitted Caucasus and Anatolian/Levantine ancestry northward, and the Yamnaya pastoralists, formed on the steppe, then spread southwards: into the Balkans, and across the Caucasus into Armenia, where they left numerous patrilineal descendants. Anatolia was transformed by intra-West Asian gene flow, with negligible impact of the later Yamnaya migrations. This contrasts with all other regions where Indo-European languages were spoken, suggesting that the homeland of the Indo-Anatolian language family was in West Asia, with only secondary dispersals of non-Anatolian Indo-Europeans from the steppe. Web of migrations between Anatolia, its neighbors, and the Steppe suggests a West Asian origin of Indo-Anatolian languages. Humans moved, for thousands of years, across the “Southern Arc,” the area bridging Europe through Anatolia with West Asia. We report ancient DNA data from 727 individuals of this region over the last 11,000 years, which we co-analyse with the published archaeogenetic record to understand the origins of its people. We focus on the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age periods ~7,000-3,000 years ago, when Indo-European language speakers first appeared. Language is not encoded in the genome. But genetic data are relevant to understanding linguistic evolution because they may identify population movements that were opportunities for language spread. How does the changing ancestral landscape of the Southern Arc revealed by ancient DNA correspond to the structure inferred by linguistics, which links Anatolian (such as Hittite and Luwian) and Indo-European (such as Greek, Armenian, Latin, and Sanskrit) languages as twin daughters of a common Proto-Indo-Anatolian parent? Steppe pastoralists of the Yamnaya culture initiated a chain of migrations across Eurasia, linking Europe in the west to China and India in the east. We find people throughout the Balkans who traced almost all their ancestry to this Yamnaya expansion (~5,000-4,500 years ago). These steppe migrants soon admixed with locals to create a tapestry of diverse ancestry from which speakers of Greek, Paleo-Balkan, and Albanian languages emerged. The Yamnaya expansion also crossed the Caucasus and by ~4,000 years ago, Armenia had become an enclave of low but pervasive steppe influence in West Asia, where the patrilineal descendants of Yamnaya men, virtually extinct across Europe and the steppe, persisted. The Armenian language was born there and its relationship with faraway Indo-European languages of Europe such as Greek reflects their shared Yamnaya heritage. Neolithic Anatolia (Turkey) was home to diverse populations descended from both local hunter- gatherers and eastern populations of the Caucasus, Mesopotamia, and the Levant. By ~6,500 years ago and thereafter, Anatolians became more similar to each other, a process driven substantially by the flow of eastern ancestry across the breadth of the peninsula. The numerous languages revealed by archaeology, both Anatolian, but also non-Indo-European ones like Hattic and Urartian, are likely to be those of locals and migrants who participated in this great mixture. Anatolia is remarkable for its lack of steppe (Yamnaya or earlier) ancestry down to the Bronze Age. The ancestors of the Yamnaya were, however, substantially drawn from West Asia, mainly from the Caucasus, a process that had started by ~7,000 years ago, but also from the more southern Anatolian-Levantine continuum. The Bronze Age expansion of the Yamnaya into the Caucasus can thus be seen as a return to the homeland of about half their ancestors. All ancient Indo-European speakers can be traced back to the Yamnaya culture, whose southern expansions into the Southern Arc left a trace in the DNA of the Bronze Age people of the region. But, the link connecting the Proto-Indo-European speaking Yamnaya with the speakers of Anatolian languages was in the highlands of West Asia, the ancestral region shared by both. Many partings, many meetings—how migration and admixture drove early language spread. Westward and northward migrations out of the West Asian highlands split the Proto- Indo-Anatolian language into Anatolian and Indo-European branches. Yamnaya pastoralists, formed on the steppe by a fusion of newcomers and locals, admixed again as they expanded far and wide, splitting the Proto-Indo-European language into its daughter languages across Eurasia. Locations and routes are approximate.
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影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Lazaridis, Iosif;Patterson, Nick;Mittnik, Alissa;Renaud, Gabriel;Mallick, Swapan;Kirsanow, Karola;Sudmant, Peter H.;Schraiber, Joshua G.;Castellano, Sergi;Lipson, Mark;Berger, Bonnie;Economou, Christos;Bollongino, Ruth;Fu, Qiaomei;Bos, Kirsten I.;Nordenfelt, Susanne;Li, Heng;de Filippo, Cesare;Pruefer, Kay;Sawyer, Susanna;Posth, Cosimo;Haak, Wolfgang;Hallgren, Fredrik;Fornander, Elin;Rohland, Nadin;Delsate, Dominique;Francken, Michael;Guinet, Jean-Michel;Wahl, Joachim;Ayodo, George;Babiker, Hamza A.;Bailliet, Graciela;Balanovska, Elena;Balanovsky, Oleg;Barrantes, Ramiro;Bedoya, Gabriel;Ben-Ami, Haim;Bene, Judit;Berrada, Fouad;Bravi, Claudio M.;Brisighelli, Francesca;Busby, George B. J.;Cali, Francesco;Churnosov, Mikhail;Cole, David E. C.;Corach, Daniel;Damba, Larissa;van Driem, George;Dryomov, Stanislav;Dugoujon, Jean-Michel;Fedorova, Sardana A.;Romero, Irene Gallego;Gubina, Marina;Hammer, Michael;Henn, Brenna M.;Hervig, Tor;Hodoglugil, Ugur;Jha, Aashish R.;Karachanak-Yankova, Sena;Khusainova, Rita;Khusnutdinova, Elza;Kittles, Rick;Kivisild, Toomas;Klitz, William;Kucinskas, Vaidutis;Kushniarevich, Alena;Laredj, Leila;Litvinov, Sergey;Loukidis, Theologos;Mahley, Robert W.;Melegh, Bela;Metspalu, Ene;Molina, Julio;Mountain, Joanna;Nakkalajarvi, Klemetti;Nesheva, Desislava;Nyambo, Thomas;Osipova, Ludmila;Parik, Jueri;Platonov, Fedor;Posukh, Olga;Romano, Valentino;Rothhammer, Francisco;Rudan, Igor;Ruizbakiev, Ruslan;Sahakyan, Hovhannes;Sajantila, Antti;Salas, Antonio;Starikovskaya, Elena B.;Tarekegn, Ayele;Toncheva, Draga;Turdikulova, Shahlo;Uktveryte, Ingrida;Utevska, Olga;Vasquez, Rene;Villena, Mercedes;Voevoda, Mikhail;Winkler, Cheryl A.;Yepiskoposyan, Levon;Zalloua, Pierre;Zemunik, Tatijana;Cooper, Alan;Capelli, Cristian;Thomas, Mark G.;Ruiz-Linares, Andres;Tishkoff, Sarah A.;Singh, Lalji;Thangaraj, Kumarasamy;Villems, Richard;Comas, David;Sukernik, Rem;Metspalu, Mait;Meyer, Matthias;Eichler, Evan E.;Burger, Joachim;Slatkin, Montgomery;Paeaebo, Svante;Kelso, Janet;Reich, David;Krause, Johannes
通讯作者：
Krause, Johannes
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Alpaslan-Roodenberg S;Anthony D;Babiker H;Bánffy E;Booth T;Capone P;Deshpande-Mukherjee A;Eisenmann S;Fehren-Schmitz L;Frachetti M;Fujita R;Frieman CJ;Fu Q;Gibbon V;Haak W;Hajdinjak M;Hofmann KP;Holguin B;Inomata T;Kanzawa-Kiriyama H;Keegan W;Kelso J;Krause J;Kumaresan G;Kusimba C;Kusimba S;Lalueza-Fox C;Llamas B;MacEachern S;Mallick S;Matsumura H;Morales-Arce AY;Matuzeviciute GM;Mushrif-Tripathy V;Nakatsuka N;Nores R;Ogola C;Okumura M;Patterson N;Pinhasi R;Prasad SPR;Prendergast ME;Punzo JL;Reich D;Sawafuji R;Sawchuk E;Schiffels S;Sedig J;Shnaider S;Sirak K;Skoglund P;Slon V;Snow M;Soressi M;Spriggs M;Stockhammer PW;Szécsényi-Nagy A;Thangaraj K;Tiesler V;Tobler R;Wang CC;Warinner C;Yasawardene S;Zahir M
通讯作者：
Zahir M
影响因子：
16.8
作者：
Fernandes, Daniel M.;Mittnik, Alissa;Reich, David
通讯作者：
Reich, David
影响因子：
5.3
作者：
Cinnioglu, C;King, R;Underhill, PA
通讯作者：
Underhill, PA
Minoans和Mycenaeans的遗传起源。
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Lazaridis I;Mittnik A;Patterson N;Mallick S;Rohland N;Pfrengle S;Furtwängler A;Peltzer A;Posth C;Vasilakis A;McGeorge PJP;Konsolaki-Yannopoulou E;Korres G;Martlew H;Michalodimitrakis M;Özsait M;Özsait N;Papathanasiou A;Richards M;Roodenberg SA;Tzedakis Y;Arnott R;Fernandes DM;Hughey JR;Lotakis DM;Navas PA;Maniatis Y;Stamatoyannopoulos JA;Stewardson K;Stockhammer P;Pinhasi R;Reich D;Krause J;Stamatoyannopoulos G
通讯作者：
Stamatoyannopoulos G