Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation.
Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation.
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DOI：
10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01647
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Berridge KC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Berridge KC
这篇评论从历史的角度对动机和情绪心理学中的概念进行了回顾，并调查了最近的发展，辩论和应用。关于情感的老争论最近又重新抬头。例如，情绪一定是主观的感觉吗？动物有感情吗？我回顾了情绪作为核心心理过程存在的证据，这些过程具有客观可检测的特征，并且可以在有主观感受或没有主观感受的情况下发生。证据也提供了动物的情感研究可以给人类情感的新见解。除了情感，动机概念在过去几十年也发生了变化，争论仍在继续。动机曾经被认为是令人厌恶的驱动力，而奖励则被认为是减少驱动力。动机即驱动力的概念在很大程度上被动机即激励的概念所取代，但令人厌恶的驱动力概念仍然偶尔出现在当今的奖励神经科学中。在激励概念中，激励突显是一个核心的动机过程，由大脑中皮层边缘系统（多巴胺相关系统）介导，有时被称为“想要”（引号），以区别于欲望的认知形式（没有引号的想要）。作为“想要”的激励显着性也可以与对相同奖励的快乐“喜欢”分开，这对几种人类临床疾病具有重要意义。通常情况下，激励突显性增加了认知欲望的动机紧迫性，但“想要”和认知欲望可以在某些条件下分离。过度的激励显著性会导致成瘾，其中过度的“想要”会偏离认知欲望。相反，缺乏激励性的突出性可能会导致抑郁症或精神分裂症中的动机性快感缺失，而负价形式的“恐惧性突出性”可能会导致偏执狂。最后，消极的“恐惧”和“厌恶”既有部分重叠，也有重要的神经差异。
This review takes a historical perspective on concepts in the psychology of motivation and emotion, and surveys recent developments, debates and applications. Old debates over emotion have recently risen again. For example, are emotions necessarily subjective feelings? Do animals have emotions? I review evidence that emotions exist as core psychological processes, which have objectively detectable features, and which can occur either with subjective feelings or without them. Evidence is offered also that studies of emotion in animals can give new insights into human emotions. Beyond emotion, motivation concepts have changed over decades too, and debates still continue. Motivation was once thought in terms of aversive drives, and reward was thought of in terms of drive reduction. Motivation-as-drive concepts were largely replaced by motivation-as-incentive concepts, yet aversive drive concepts still occasionally surface in reward neuroscience today. Among incentive concepts, incentive salience is a core motivation process, mediated by brain mesocorticolimbic systems (dopamine-related systems) and sometimes called ‘wanting’ (in quotation marks), to distinguish it from cognitive forms of desire (wanting without quotation marks). Incentive salience as ‘wanting’ is separable also from pleasure ‘liking’ for the same reward, which has important implications for several human clinical disorders. Ordinarily, incentive salience adds motivational urgency to cognitive desires, but ‘wanting’ and cognitive desires can dissociate in some conditions. Excessive incentive salience can cause addictions, in which excessive ‘wanting’ can diverge from cognitive desires. Conversely, lack of incentive salience may cause motivational forms of anhedonia in depression or schizophrenia, whereas a negatively-valenced form of ‘fearful salience’ may contribute to paranoia. Finally, negative ‘fear’ and ‘disgust’ have both partial overlap but also important neural differences.
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影响因子：
56.9
作者：
Chapman, H. A.;Kim, D. A.;Anderson, A. K.
通讯作者：
Anderson, A. K.
影响因子：
64.5
作者：
Anderson DJ;Adolphs R
通讯作者：
Adolphs R
影响因子：
--
作者：
Boileau, Isabelle;Dagher, Alain;Benkelfat, Chawki
通讯作者：
Benkelfat, Chawki
影响因子：
1.9
作者：
BERRIDGE, KC;VALENSTEIN, ES
通讯作者：
VALENSTEIN, ES
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
CABANAC, M
通讯作者：
CABANAC, M