Urban Scaling of Health Outcomes: a Scoping Review.

Urban Scaling of Health Outcomes: a Scoping Review.
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DOI:
10.1007/s11524-021-00577-4
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发表时间:
2022-06
期刊:
Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
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城市规模是一个描述城市特征如何随着城市规模变化而变化的框架。这一范围界定审查绘制了关于城市卫生成果规模的现有证据,以确定差距并为未来的研究提供信息。使用结构化搜索策略,我们确定并审查了总共102项研究,其中大部分在高收入国家使用不同的城市定义。我们发现了一些历史研究,这些研究考察了19世纪和20世纪初城市规模与死亡率之间的动态关系。近年来,我们记录了城市规模与健康之间关系的异质性。麻疹和流感受城市规模以及地理邻近等其他因素的影响,而性传播感染、艾滋病毒和登革热往往在大城市更频繁地发生。非传染性疾病呈现出不同的模式,取决于具体的结果和背景。杀人和其他犯罪在大城市更常见,自杀在小城市更常见,交通伤害的模式不太明确,因伤害的背景和类型而异。未来的研究应旨在了解城市增长对低收入和中等收入国家健康结果的影响,利用纵向设计,系统地调整协变量,并检查使用不同城市定义的影响。
Urban scaling is a framework that describes how city-level characteristics scale with variations in city size. This scoping review mapped the existing evidence on the urban scaling of health outcomes to identify gaps and inform future research. Using a structured search strategy, we identified and reviewed a total of 102 studies, a majority set in high-income countries using diverse city definitions. We found several historical studies that examined the dynamic relationships between city size and mortality occurring during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In more recent years, we documented heterogeneity in the relation between city size and health. Measles and influenza are influenced by city size in conjunction with other factors like geographic proximity, while STIs, HIV, and dengue tend to occur more frequently in larger cities. NCDs showed a heterogeneous pattern that depends on the specific outcome and context. Homicides and other crimes are more common in larger cities, suicides are more common in smaller cities, and traffic-related injuries show a less clear pattern that differs by context and type of injury. Future research should aim to understand the consequences of urban growth on health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries, capitalize on longitudinal designs, systematically adjust for covariates, and examine the implications of using different city definitions.
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