Early tropical crop production in marginal subtropical and temperate Polynesia

Early tropical crop production in marginal subtropical and temperate Polynesia
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边缘亚热带和温带波利尼西亚的早期热带作物生产

DOI:
10.1073/pnas.1821732116
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发表时间:
2019
期刊:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Science
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
and N. Porch
and N. Porch
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
M. Prebble;A. J. Anderson;P. Augustinus;J. Emmitt;S. J. Fallon;L. L. Furey;S. J. Holdaway;A. Jorgensen;T. N. Ladefoged;P. J. Matthews;J.-Y. Meyer;R. Phillipps;R. Wallace;and N. Porch

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1280年后,波利尼西亚人将热带作物芋头(Colocasia esculenta)引入温带新西兰,但其种植的证据有限。这与大型狩猎的大量证据形成鲜明对比,提出了长期存在的问题,即作物生产最初的经济和生态重要性。在这里,我们比较化石数据从湿地沉积物指示芋头和叶菜(包括SonchusandRorippaspp。)从新西兰北方的一个近海岛屿Ahuelae,与法属波利尼西亚的两个亚热带岛屿Raivavae和Rapa种植。在公元1300年至1550年之间,所有岛屿上的芋头花粉都被保存下来,这表明在多个生长季节中常年种植,因为植物在频繁收获时很少开花。花粉与以前未被发现的灭绝树木的化石遗迹,以及热带波利尼西亚花园中常见的许多杂草和无脊椎动物共存。沉积物木炭和烧焦的植物遗骸表明,用火迅速减少了森林覆盖,特别是在Ahueli。到公元1500年,随着森林覆盖减少,短命植物增加,所有岛屿的火灾都不那么频繁了,这表明更高强度的生产。新西兰的北方近海岛屿可能是早期花园的首选地点,在那里芋头生产被短暂尝试,然后被甘薯(Ipomoea batatas)取代,甘薯是一种更温和的气候适应作物,后来在1500年后在大陆上建立了大规模的种植系统。
Polynesians introduced the tropical crop taro (Colocasia esculenta) to temperate New Zealand after 1280 CE, but evidence for its cultivation is limited. This contrasts with the abundant evidence for big game hunting, raising longstanding questions of the initial economic and ecological importance of crop production. Here we compare fossil data from wetland sedimentary deposits indicative of taro and leaf vegetable (includingSonchusandRorippaspp.) cultivation from Ahuahu, a northern New Zealand offshore island, with Raivavae and Rapa, both subtropical islands in French Polynesia. Preservation of taro pollen on all islands between 1300 CE and 1550 CE indicates perennial cultivation over multiple growing seasons, as plants rarely flower when frequently harvested. The pollen cooccurs with previously undetected fossil remains of extinct trees, as well as many weeds and commensal invertebrates common to tropical Polynesian gardens. Sedimentary charcoal and charred plant remains show that fire use rapidly reduced forest cover, particularly on Ahuahu. Fires were less frequent by 1500 CE on all islands as forest cover diminished, and short-lived plants increased, indicating higher-intensity production. The northern offshore islands of New Zealand were likely preferred sites for early gardens where taro production was briefly attempted, before being supplanted by sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), a more temperate climate-adapted crop, which was later established in large-scale cultivation systems on the mainland after 1500 CE.
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