Warming shifts 'worming': effects of experimental warming on invasive earthworms in northern North America.
Warming shifts 'worming': effects of experimental warming on invasive earthworms in northern North America.
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DOI：
10.1038/srep06890
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发表时间：
2014-11-03
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Reich PB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Eisenhauer N;Stefanski A;Fisichelli NA;Rice K;Rich R;Reich PB
气候变化导致物种分布范围的变化，并可能改变生物入侵。北美北方的欧洲入侵物种对当地生态系统造成了严重影响。考虑到该地区漫长而寒冷的冬季，到目前为止，据说已经减缓了蝗虫的入侵，未来的变暖被假设为加速蝗虫入侵尚未入侵的地区。另外，变暖引起的土壤含水量（SWC）的减少也会降低土壤的性能。我们在2010年和2012年在美国明尼苏达州的两个地点进行了一项田间变暖实验，在三个温度处理下对封闭和开放冠层中的蚯蚓进行了采样，以验证这些假设。结构方程模型表明，有害的变暖对植物密度和生物量的影响确实可以部分解释变暖引起的SWC减少。变暖效应的方向取决于当前的平均SWC：变暖在高SWC下有中性到积极的影响，而在低SWC下则相反。我们的研究结果表明，变暖限制了蚯蚓在北美北方的入侵，造成不利的土壤非生物条件，除非变暖是伴随着增加，时间上均匀分布的降雨足以抵消更大的水分损失较高的蒸散量。
Climate change causes species range shifts and potentially alters biological invasions. The invasion of European earthworm species across northern North America has severe impacts on native ecosystems. Given the long and cold winters in that region that to date supposedly have slowed earthworm invasion, future warming is hypothesized to accelerate earthworm invasions into yet non-invaded regions. Alternatively, warming-induced reductions in soil water content (SWC) can also decrease earthworm performance. We tested these hypotheses in a field warming experiment at two sites in Minnesota, USA by sampling earthworms in closed and open canopy in three temperature treatments in 2010 and 2012. Structural equation modeling revealed that detrimental warming effects on earthworm densities and biomass could indeed be partly explained by warming-induced reductions in SWC. The direction of warming effects depended on the current average SWC: warming had neutral to positive effects at high SWC, whereas the opposite was true at low SWC. Our results suggest that warming limits the invasion of earthworms in northern North America by causing less favorable soil abiotic conditions, unless warming is accompanied by increased and temporally even distributions of rainfall sufficient to offset greater water losses from higher evapotranspiration.
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