Time and evidence in the graded tense system of Mvskoke (Creek)
Time and evidence in the graded tense system of Mvskoke (Creek)
复制标题
Mvskoke（Creek）分级时态系统中的时间和证据
DOI：
10.1007/s11050-022-09191-9
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
1.1
通讯作者：
Johnson, Kimberly
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Johnson, Kimberly
近年来，人们对语言中发现的时态和证据类型之间令人费解的关系给予了很多关注，在这些语言中，单个语素似乎既编码了对时间的引用，又编码了断言的证据来源。在自然语言中，时态长期以来被理解为定位句子所表达的命题成立的时间。两种主要的证据理论都同意这些语素有助于识别说话者为其主张所拥有的证据类型。在具有证据时态形态的语言中，这两类意义以我们对这两种现象的理解意想不到的方式交织在一起。具体来说，这些证据时态语素似乎编码了与说话者获得其断言证据的情况相关的时间参考。文献中出现了两种相互竞争的方法，即这些证据时态语素是否对获得证据的时间（Lee；Smirnova）或说话者相对于事件的时间和地点（Faller；Chung）至关重要。本文研究了 Mvskoke（或 Creek）分级过去时系统的时间和证据属性，并为证据时态编码证据获取时间（EAT）的观点找到了新的支持。 Mvskoke 具有三种证据时态，构成其分级时态系统的一部分，包括最近的、中期的和遥远的过去。主要提议是将 EAT 正式化为信念状态改变的时刻，即说话者开始相信该命题的时刻。结果表明，Mvskoke 的证据时态与一系列证据类型兼容，并且这种分布是通过与观点方面的相互作用来解释的。
In recent years, much attention has been given to the puzzling relationship between tense and evidence type found in languages where a single morpheme appears to encode both reference to time and to the evidential source for the assertion. In natural language,tensehas long been understood as serving to locate the time at which the proposition expressed by the sentence holds. The two main theories ofevidentialsboth agree that these morphemes serve to identify the type of evidence the speaker has for their assertion. In languages with evidential-tense morphology, these two categories of meaning are intertwined in ways that are unexpected given our understanding of both phenomena. Specifically, these evidential-tense morphemes appear to encode reference to a time that is linked to the situation in which the speaker gains evidence for their assertion. Two competing approaches have emerged in the literature as to whether these evidential-tense morphemes make crucial reference to thetimeevidence was acquired (Lee ; Smirnova ) or to thetime and placeof the speaker with respect to the event (Faller ; Chung ). This paper examines the temporal and evidential properties of the Mvskoke (or Creek)gradedpast tense system and finds novel support for the view in which evidential-tenses encodeEvidence Acquisition Time(EAT). Mvskoke is shown to have three evidential-tenses which form part of its graded tense system, comprising recent, middle, and distant past. The main proposal is a formalization of EAT as a moment of belief-state change, i.e., the moment the speaker comes to believe the proposition. It is shown that Mvskoke’s evidential-tenses are compatible with a range of evidence types, and this distribution is explained through interactions with viewpoint aspect.
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