Ophthalmic implications of biological threat agents according to the chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives framework.
Ophthalmic implications of biological threat agents according to the chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives framework.
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DOI：
10.3389/fmed.2023.1349571
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发表时间：
2023
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Yeh, Steven
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Curran, Emma H.;Devine, Max D.;Hartley, Caleb D.;Huang, Ye;Conrady, Christopher D.;Debiec, Matthew R.;Justin, Grant A.;Thomas, Joanne;Yeh, Steven
随着技术的不断发展，全球范围内对个人、组织和国家的各种危险的可能性不断增加。美国联邦政府将能够造成大规模伤亡和社会混乱的威胁类型分为化学、生物、放射性、核和能量/爆炸物（CBRNE）。这些事件包括意外和故意事件，从大规模毁灭性武器和生物恐怖主义到涉及危险或放射性材料的火灾或泄漏。所有这些都有能力造成死亡或严重的身体，神经，和/或感官残疾，如果受伤不及时诊断和治疗。眼损伤可以为理解和治疗受CBRNE药物影响的患者提供重要见解;然而，不适当的眼科管理可能导致患者结局不佳。这篇评论特别涉及疾病控制和预防中心（CDC）认为具有最大生物恐怖主义能力的生物制剂。化学、生物、辐射、核和爆炸物生物剂，包括病原体和有机毒素，根据其对国家安全的威胁程度又分为A、B和C类。在这些生物制剂的概要中，我们讨论了它们各自的CDC类别、全身和眼部表现、传播途径和个人防护设备考虑因素以及相关的疫苗接种和治疗指南。
As technology continues to evolve, the possibility for a wide range of dangers to people, organizations, and countries escalate globally. The United States federal government classifies types of threats with the capability of inflicting mass casualties and societal disruption as Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Energetics/Explosives (CBRNE). Such incidents encompass accidental and intentional events ranging from weapons of mass destruction and bioterrorism to fires or spills involving hazardous or radiologic material. All of these have the capacity to inflict death or severe physical, neurological, and/or sensorial disabilities if injuries are not diagnosed and treated in a timely manner. Ophthalmic injury can provide important insight into understanding and treating patients impacted by CBRNE agents; however, improper ophthalmic management can result in suboptimal patient outcomes. This review specifically addresses the biological agents the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) deems to have the greatest capacity for bioterrorism. CBRNE biological agents, encompassing pathogens and organic toxins, are further subdivided into categories A, B, and C according to their national security threat level. In our compendium of these biological agents, we address their respective CDC category, systemic and ophthalmic manifestations, route of transmission and personal protective equipment considerations as well as pertinent vaccination and treatment guidelines.
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影响因子：
4.5
作者：
Chateau A;Van der Verren SE;Remaut H;Fioravanti A
通讯作者：
Fioravanti A
影响因子：
--
作者：
BRITT, JM;CLIFTON, BC;MILLS, RP
通讯作者：
MILLS, RP
影响因子：
5.2
作者：
Abir MH;Rahman T;Das A;Etu SN;Nafiz IH;Rakib A;Mitra S;Emran TB;Dhama K;Islam A;Siyadatpanah A;Mahmud S;Kim B;Hassan MM
通讯作者：
Hassan MM
影响因子：
4.1
作者：
AMRAOUI, A;TABBARA, KF;ZAGHLOUL, K
通讯作者：
ZAGHLOUL, K
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
Brown, Christopher K.;Matthews, Denise L.;Edens, Amanda L.
通讯作者：
Edens, Amanda L.