The reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine: implications for the relationship between smoking, eating and weight.
The reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine: implications for the relationship between smoking, eating and weight.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.04.043
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发表时间：
2011-07-25
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Sved, Alan F.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Donny, Eric C.;Caggiula, Anthony R.;Weaver, Matthew T.;Levin, Melissa E.;Sved, Alan F.
对体重的担忧是旨在减少吸烟的公共卫生努力的一个重要障碍。流行病学研究发现，目前吸烟者的体重低于不吸烟者，戒烟会导致体重增加，体重限制通常被认为是吸烟的原因。吸烟和体重之间的关系的机制是复杂的，可能涉及许多因素，包括卡路里摄入量、体力活动、代谢率和脂肪生成的变化。在这些可能的机制中，尼古丁诱导的食物强化可能特别重要。在本文中，我们首先回顾了我们实验室的数据，这些数据强调了尼古丁影响强化行为的两种不同方式：1)作为主要增强剂；2)直接(非关联地)增强其他刺激的强化效果。然后，我们详细阐述了尼古丁的强化作用，因为它们与与食物相关的行为和刺激有关。来自实验室动物和人类的数据支持尼古丁增强食物强化功效的断言，并表明当尼古丁对饱腹感的影响消退后，尼古丁对饮食的影响可能是尼古丁停止后最重要的。最后，我们讨论了这一观点对于理解和解决吸烟和体重增加之间的明显权衡的理论和临床意义。更好地理解尼古丁增强强化作用的潜在机制，以及对食物强化本身的影响，可能有助于开发具有更好长期效果的新疗法。
Concerns about body weight represent an important barrier to public health efforts aimed at reducing smoking. Epidemiological studies have found that current smokers weigh less than non-smokers, smoking cessation results in weight gain, and weight restriction is commonly cited as a reason for smoking. The mechanisms underlying the relationship between smoking and weight are complex and may involve a number of factors including changes in caloric intake, physical activity, metabolic rate, and lipogenesis. Amongst these possible mechanisms, nicotine-induced enhancement of food reinforcement may be particularly important. In this paper, we first review data from our laboratory that highlight two distinct ways in which nicotine impacts reinforced behavior: 1) by acting as a primary reinforcer; 2) by directly (non-associatively) enhancing the reinforcing effects of other stimuli. We then elaborate on the reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine as they pertain to behaviors and stimuli related to food. Data from both laboratory animals and humans support the assertion that nicotine enhances the reinforcing efficacy of food and suggest that the influence of these effects on eating may be most important after nicotine cessation when nicotine’s effects on satiety subside. Finally, we discuss the theoretical and clinical implications of this perspective for understanding and addressing the apparent tradeoff between smoking and weight gain. Better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the reinforcement-enhancing effects of nicotine broadly, and the effects on food reinforcement per se, may aid in the development of new treatments with better long term outcomes.
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