Sex trafficking and sexual exploitation in settings affected by armed conflicts in Africa, Asia and the Middle East: systematic review.
Sex trafficking and sexual exploitation in settings affected by armed conflicts in Africa, Asia and the Middle East: systematic review.
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DOI：
10.1186/s12914-016-0107-x
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发表时间：
2016-12-28
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Zimmerman C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
McAlpine A;Hossain M;Zimmerman C
性贩运和性剥削已被广泛报道，特别是在受冲突影响的环境中，这似乎增加了妇女和儿童遭受这些极端虐待的脆弱性。我们对10个数据库和大量灰色文献进行了系统搜索，以收集受冲突影响环境中性贩运和性剥削的证据。“性剥削”和“性贩运”的国际定义确定了指标参数。我们重点关注早婚或逼婚形式的性剥削、强迫战斗人员的性剥削和性奴役。我们提取了患病率测量、健康结果和性剥削术语定义。审查遵循PRISMA准则，并包括质量评价。研究人员在非洲、亚洲和中东的12个国家的武装冲突环境中发现了29篇符合条件的论文，这些论文都有性交易和性剥削的证据。由于对流行率的估计很少，对“性剥削”的定义也不一致，证据有限，不能推广。现有的流行率估计表明，在冲突环境中，女性比男性更容易成为性剥削的受害者。在某些情况下，多达四分之一的强迫婚姻发生在女孩未满18岁之前。调查结果显示，绝大多数前女性战斗人员在冲突期间受到性剥削。这些研究提供了符合联合国性贩运定义的各种性剥削指标，但只有两项研究将性剥削确定为贩运。没有一项研究仅仅是为了衡量性交易或性剥削的普遍程度。发现了对性剥削和贩运类型的类似描述，但不一致的术语或测量方法阻碍了荟萃分析。调查结果表明，在受冲突影响的环境中存在各种形式的人口贩运和性剥削，主要发生在早婚或强迫婚姻、强迫战斗人员的性剥削和性奴役。这些研究突出表明，妇女和女孩极易受到这些极端虐待。与此同时，本综述建议有必要澄清有关冲突中性贩运的术语，以建立一个更有凝聚力的未来证据基础，特别是来自受冲突影响和流离失所人口的可靠流行数据。
Sex trafficking and sexual exploitation has been widely reported, especially in conflict-affected settings, which appear to increase women’s and children’s vulnerabilities to these extreme abuses. We conducted a systematic search of ten databases and extensive grey literature to gather evidence of sex trafficking and sexual exploitation in conflict-affected settings. International definitions of “sexual exploitation” and “sex trafficking” set the indicator parameters. We focused on sexual exploitation in forms of early or forced marriage, forced combatant sexual exploitation and sexual slavery. We extracted prevalence measures, health outcomes and sexual exploitation terminology definitions. The review adhered to PRISMA guidelines and includes quality appraisal. The search identified 29 eligible papers with evidence of sex trafficking and sexual exploitation in armed conflict settings in twelve countries in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. The evidence was limited and not generalizable, due to few prevalence estimates and inconsistent definitions of “sexual exploitation”. The prevalence estimates available indicate that females were more likely than males to be victims of sexual exploitation in conflict settings. In some settings, as many as one in four forced marriages took place before the girls reached 18 years old. Findings suggest that the vast majority of former female combatants were sexually exploited during the conflict. These studies provided various indicators of sexual exploitation compatible to the United Nation’s definition of sex trafficking, but only 2 studies identified the exploitation as trafficking. None of the studies solely aimed to measure the prevalence of sex trafficking or sexual exploitation. Similar descriptions of types of sexual exploitation and trafficking were found, but the inconsistent terminology or measurements inhibited a meta-analysis. Findings indicate there are various forms of human trafficking and sexual exploitation in conflict-affected settings, primarily occurring as early or forced marriage, forced combatant sexual exploitation, and sexual slavery. The studies highlight the extraordinary vulnerability of women and girls to these extreme abuses. Simultaneously, this review suggests the need to clarify terminology around sex trafficking in conflict to foster a more cohesive future evidence-base, and in particular, robust prevalence figures from conflict-affected and displaced populations.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jaac.2010.03.008
发表时间：
2010-06-01
影响因子：
13.3
作者：
Betancourt, Theresa S.;Brennan, Robert T.;Gilman, Stephen E.
通讯作者：
Gilman, Stephen E.
影响因子：
120.7
作者：
Bayer, Christophe Pierre;Klasen, Fionna;Adam, Hubertus
通讯作者：
Adam, Hubertus
影响因子：
3
作者：
Duroch F;McRae M;Grais RF
通讯作者：
Grais RF
DOI：
10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02620.x
发表时间：
2013-01
期刊：
Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines
影响因子：
--
作者：
Betancourt TS;Borisova I;Williams TP;Meyers-Ohki SE;Rubin-Smith JE;Annan J;Kohrt BA
通讯作者：
Kohrt BA
影响因子：
4.3
作者：
Chuang, Janie A.
通讯作者：
Chuang, Janie A.