Lack of support for adaptation of post-glacial horses to woodlands
Lack of support for adaptation of post-glacial horses to woodlands
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缺乏对冰河后马匹适应林地的支持
DOI：
10.1038/s41559-018-0491-9
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
16.8
通讯作者：
Schmölcke
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sommer;Schmölcke
最近，Sandoval-Castellanos等人发表了一项鼓舞人心的研究，支持欧洲中全新世时期（9，000 - 5，000年前（9-5 ka））野马（Equus ferus）对森林的适应。Sandoval-Castellanos等人1使用了一种建模方法，根据树栖植物功能类型的百分比（欧洲花粉数据库）重建欧洲的相对景观开放度，并使用野马的区系记录和植物分类群的花粉记录进行生态位建模，以推断野马和植物的共存模式。结果表明，越来越多的马在冰后期森林，但没有显着的马植物共存。为了评估马的毛色基因的时间变化，他们分析了agglutinase基因（ASIP），结果显示了全新世期间黑色表型的选择。作者将综合结果作为证据，支持马适应林地的假设。然而，我们对考古发掘（“气候-景观-动物-人类”项目）动物群数据的详细分析表明，亚化石脊椎动物记录不支持中欧低地（CEL）对原始林地的适应。在其他数据中，我们收集了500多个包含动物群遗骸的中石器时代和新石器时代考古遗址的详细信息（图1），以调查景观和巨型动物群动态的相互作用以及人类的影响。全新世早期（11.7-9 ka）有马存在的地点比例最高（图1a），这与最近的研究一致，该研究表明，全新世2的前两千年，在细粒土壤上存在开阔的草原，季节性干燥阻止了落叶树的建立。我们将大西洋早期“几乎不存在”的马记录（图1b）解释为由于全新世中期原始林地的发展而导致的大规模区域栖息地丧失，其中以橡树和石灰为主3。而在我们之前的研究中，我们发现马在大西洋晚期的存在增加，主要是在东南部和南部中欧，它在CEL中很少出现。在39个有500至10，000多具动物群骨骼遗骸的“代表性考古遗址”中，野马（E。ferus）仅在五个地点发生;频率小于1%（图1c）。在5.5-4 ka期间，由于人类活动的增加，开阔景观的可用性显着增加，野马在56个“代表性地点”中的13个记录到;频率低于1%（图1d），但也是第一次出现在动物区系材料中的频率超过10%（图1d）。在我们看来，这表明CEL开始重新殖民，这是由于新石器时代农民开放景观造成的，正如早期研究所建议的那样。与适应森林的物种如红鹿相比
To the Editor—Recently, Sandoval-Castellanos et al. 1 published an inspiring study that supports an adaptation to forests in wild horses (Equus ferus) during the mid-Holocene epoch (9,000–5,000 years ago (9–5 ka)) in Europe 1. Sandoval-Castellanos et al. 1 used a modelling approach for reconstructing the relative landscape openness in Europe on the basis of the percentage of arboreal plant functional types (European Pollen Database), as well as ecological niche modelling to infer co-occurrence patterns of wild horses and plants using faunal records of wild horses and pollen records of plant taxa. The results show an increasing presence of horses in post-glacial forests but no significant horse–plant co-occurrences. To evaluate the temporal change of coat colour genes in horses they analysed the agouti gene (ASIP) and the results show a selection of black phenotypes during the Holocene. Combined results were taken as evidence by the authors to support the hypothesis that horses adapted to woodlands. However, our detailed analysis of faunal data from archaeological excavations (project ‘Climate–Landscape–Fauna–Man’) revealed that adaptation to primeval woodlands in the Central European Lowlands (CEL) is not supported by the subfossil vertebrate record. Among other data, we collected detailed information on more than 500 Mesolithic and Neolithic archaeological sites containing faunal remains (Fig. 1) to investigate interactions of landscape and dynamics of the megafauna as well as human influence. The early Holocene (11.7–9 ka) has the highest percentage of sites where horse is present (Fig. 1a), which is in line with recent research suggesting that open grasslands existed in the first two millennia of the Holocene 2 on fine-grained soils, where seasonal dryness prevented the establishment of deciduous trees. We interpret the ‘near-absence’of horse records in the early Atlantic (Fig. 1b) as large-scale regional habitat loss due to the development of the mid-Holocene primeval woodlands, dominated by oak and lime 3. Whereas in our previous study 4 we found an increased presence of horse in the late Atlantic, mainly in southeastern and southern Central Europe, it appears very rarely in the CEL. In 39 ‘representative archaeological sites’ with 500 to more than 10,000 faunal bone remains, wild horse (E. ferus) occurs in only five sites; a frequency of less than 1%(Fig. 1c). During the period 5.5–4 ka, when the availability of open landscape was significantly greater due to increasing human activity 5, wild horse is recorded from 13 of 56 ‘representative sites’; a frequency of less than 1%(Fig. 1d), but also for the first time present in a frequency of more than 10% in the faunal material (Fig. 1d). In our opinion this indicates the beginning re-colonization of CEL resulting from the opening of the landscape by Neolithic farmers, as suggested in an earlier study 4. In contrast to forest-adapted species such as red deer
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影响因子：
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作者：
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作者：
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DOI：
--
发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
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作者：
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DOI：
10.1177/0959683614566218
发表时间：
2015
期刊：
The Holocene
影响因子：
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作者：
P. Pokorný;M. Chytrý;L. Juřičková;J. Sádlo;J. Novák;V. Ložek
通讯作者：
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影响因子：
4.9
作者：
R. Sommer;J. Fahlke;U. Schmölcke;N. Benecke;F. Zachos
通讯作者：
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