Developmental changes in anger expression and attention focus: learning to wait.
Developmental changes in anger expression and attention focus: learning to wait.
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DOI：
10.1037/a0023813
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发表时间：
2011-07
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Li, Runze
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cole, Pamela M.;Tan, Patricia Z.;Hall, Sarah E.;Zhang, Yiyun;Crnic, Keith A.;Blair, Clancy B.;Li, Runze
能够等待是自我调节的重要组成部分。本研究通过跟踪65名来自农村和半农村经济紧张家庭的男孩和55名来自农村和半农村经济紧张家庭的女孩，从18到48个月，研究了目标等待行为的潜伏期和持续时间的变化。儿童愤怒表达和注意力集中的潜伏期和持续时间的变化（例如，平均而言，在18个月和24个月大的时候，孩子们会很快做出愤怒的反应，而把注意力从想要的东西上转移开的速度比以后的孩子要慢。随着时间的推移，孩子们更容易分散注意力。到了36个月，孩子们在表达愤怒之前就出现了分心，而且愤怒的表达也更简短。在48个月大的时候，孩子们通常会在分散注意力之前迅速向母亲提出等待的要求;平均来说，他们直到等待的后半段才表现出愤怒。出乎意料的是，孩子们在48个月大的时候对母亲的出价和他们在18个月大的时候一样多;然而，随着孩子们年龄的增长，出价变得不那么愤怒了。分心和出价的发展变化预测了愤怒潜伏期的年龄相关变化。研究结果进行了讨论，在神经认知控制的注意力在30个月左右，儿童的自我调节的努力，在48个月的年龄的局限性，以及培养儿童的能力，阻止的重要性，以及调节，愤怒。
Being able to wait is an essential part of self-regulation. The present study examined the developmental course of changes in the latency to and duration of target waiting behaviors by following 65 boys and 55 girls from rural and semi-rural economically strained homes from ages 18 to 48 months. Age-related changes in latency to and duration of children’s anger expressions and attention focus (e.g., self-initiated distraction) during an eight minute wait for a gift were found. On average, at 18 and 24 months of age, children were quick to react angrily and slower to shift attention away from the desired object than they were at later ages. Over time, children were quicker to distract themselves. By 36 months, distractions occurred before children expressed anger, and anger expressions were briefer. At 48 months, children typically made a quick bid to mother about demands of waiting before distracting themselves; on average, they did not appear angry until the latter half of the wait. Unexpectedly, children bid to their mothers as much at age 48 months as they had at 18 months; however bids became less angry as children got older. Developmental changes in distraction and bidding predicted age-related changes in the latency to anger. Findings are discussed in terms of the neurocognitive control of attention around age 30 months, the limitations of children’s self-regulatory efforts at age 48 months, and the importance of fostering children’s ability to forestall, as well as modulate, anger.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0402680101
发表时间：
2004-05-25
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Gogtay, N;Giedd, JN;Thompson, PM
通讯作者：
Thompson, PM
影响因子：
3.3
作者：
Calkins SD;Keane SP
通讯作者：
Keane SP
影响因子：
2.1
作者：
Calkins, SD;Johnson, MC
通讯作者：
Johnson, MC
影响因子：
2
作者：
Garner, PW;Spears, FM
通讯作者：
Spears, FM
影响因子：
4
作者：
COLE, PM;ZAHNWAXLER, C;SMITH, KD
通讯作者：
SMITH, KD