Who does well in life? Conscientious adults excel in both objective and subjective success.
Who does well in life? Conscientious adults excel in both objective and subjective success.
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谁在生活中表现良好？认真的成年人在客观和主观成功方面表现出色。
DOI：
10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00356
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发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Kwok D
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Duckworth AL;Weir D;Tsukayama E;Kwok D
本文调查了人格和认知能力与客观成功（收入和财富）和主观成功（生活满意度，积极影响和缺乏消极影响）的关系，在9，646名美国成年人的代表性样本中。在控制人口统计学协变量、认知能力和其他大五特质的横断面分析中，勤奋表现出与所有成功结果的中小幅度的有益关联。相比之下，其他性状表现出更强的，但不那么一贯有益的，在相同的模型与结果的关系。例如，情绪稳定性与生活满意度和影响力有中等到中等程度的关联，但与收入的关联很弱，与财富没有关联。同样，外倾性表现出中到大的积极影响和生活满意度，但小到中等协会与财富和（缺乏）负面影响，并没有与收入。认知能力与收入和财富有着小到中等的关联，但与主观成功的任何方面都没有关联。更随和的成年人在客观成功和生活满意度方面表现得更差，表现出与这些结果的小到中等程度的负相关，但他们与不太随和的成年人在积极或消极的影响方面没有区别。同样，开放性的经验表现出小到中等的负相关，每一个成功的结果，除了积极的影响，其中更开放的成年人略高。值得注意的是，在预测客观和主观成功结果的五个模型中，除了忠诚度之外的个体差异比忠诚度解释了更多的方差。因此，与其说是规模巨大，不如说是无处不在。
This article investigates how personality and cognitive ability relate to measures of objective success (income and wealth) and subjective success (life satisfaction, positive affect, and lack of negative affect) in a representative sample of 9,646 American adults. In cross-sectional analyses controlling for demographic covariates, cognitive ability, and other Big Five traits, conscientiousness demonstrated beneficial associations of small-to-medium magnitude with all success outcomes. In contrast, other traits demonstrated stronger, but less consistently beneficial, relations with outcomes in the same models. For instance, emotional stability demonstrated medium-to-large associations with life satisfaction and affect but a weak association with income and no association with wealth. Likewise, extraversion demonstrated medium-to-large associations with positive affect and life satisfaction but small-to-medium associations with wealth and (lack of) negative affect and no association with income. Cognitive ability showed small-to-medium associations with income and wealth but no association with any aspect of subjective success. More agreeable adults were worse off in terms of objective success and life satisfaction, demonstrating small-to-medium inverse associations with those outcomes, but they did not differ from less agreeable adults in positive or negative affect. Likewise, openness to experience demonstrated small-to-medium inverse associations with every success outcome except positive affect, in which more open adults were slightly higher. Notably, in each of the five models predicting objective and subjective success outcomes, individual differences other than conscientiousness explained more variance than did conscientiousness. Thus, the benefits of conscientiousness may be remarkable more for their ubiquity than for their magnitude.
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