The evolution of the Offshore US-Dollar System: past, present and four possible futures

The evolution of the Offshore US-Dollar System: past, present and four possible futures
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离岸美元体系的演变:过去、现在和四种可能的未来

DOI:
10.1017/s1744137420000168
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发表时间:
2020
影响因子:
2.2
通讯作者:
Armin Haas
Armin Haas
中科院分区:
经济学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Steffen;Joe Rini;Armin Haas

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对于当今世界金融全球化的产生,没有什么比建立国际货币体系贡献更大的了。在其目前的形态中,它有一个层次结构,美元(USD)在顶部,其他各种货币区域形成多层次的外围。该体系的一个关键特征是离岸美元的形成,这一特征在20世纪50年代和60年代与布雷顿森林体系共同发展,并在20世纪70年代取代了它。自2007 - 2009年金融危机以来,这种“离岸美元体系”得到了美联储互换额度网络的支持,该网络已扩展到其他主要央行。这种系统性的演变可能会在未来几十年继续下去,但其他系统性安排也是可能的,并且有历史先例。本文讨论了到2040年将导致国际货币体系不同设置的四条轨迹,并考虑了其等级结构和离岸信贷货币创造的作用可能如何演变。除了美元霸权的延续,我们还看到了竞争性货币集团的出现,国际货币联盟的形成以及国际货币无政府状态的解体。
Little has contributed more to the emergence of today's world of financial globalization than the setup of the international monetary system. In its current shape, it has a hierarchical structure with the US-Dollar (USD) at the top and various other monetary areas forming a multilayered periphery to it. A key feature of the system is the creation of USD offshore – a feature that in the 1950s and 60s developed in co-evolution with the Bretton Woods System and in the 1970s replaced it. Since the 2007–9 Financial Crisis, this ‘Offshore US-Dollar System’ has been backstopped by the Federal Reserve's network of swap lines which are extended to other key central banks. This systemic evolution may continue in the decades to come, but other systemic arrangements are possible as well and have historical precedents. This article discusses four trajectories that would lead to different setups of the international monetary system by 2040, taking into account how its hierarchical structure and the role of offshore credit money creation may evolve. In addition to a continuation of USD hegemony, we present the emergence of competing monetary blocs, the formation of an international monetary federation and the disintegration into an international monetary anarchy.
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