Resource wars and conflict ivory: the impact of civil conflict on elephants in the Democratic Republic of Congo--the case of the Okapi Reserve.
Resource wars and conflict ivory: the impact of civil conflict on elephants in the Democratic Republic of Congo--the case of the Okapi Reserve.
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资源战争和冲突象牙：刚果民主共和国的民用冲突对大象的影响 - 冈皮保护区的案例。
DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0027129
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Dino S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Beyers RL;Hart JA;Sinclair AR;Grossmann F;Klinkenberg B;Dino S
人类冲突通常会对野生动物及其保护产生实质性的负面影响。刚果民主共和国（DRC）最近的内战（1995-2006）导致了包括大象在内的大量野生动物的损失，原因是体制崩溃、无法无天以及对矿产、木材、象牙和丛林肉等自然资源的肆无忌惮的开采。我们使用了战前和战后在保护森林霍加皮动物保护区进行的远程抽样调查的数据，来记录大象数量和分布的变化。我们采用广义加性模型将大象分布的变化与人为因素和环境因素联系起来。战争期间象牙贸易的报告显示，大象数量下降了近50%，与此同时，偷猎大象的行为也大幅增加。我们的研究结果表明，无论是在战前还是战后，人类对大象分布的影响都远远大于栖息地，但战后模型解释了更多的变化。在靠近公园边界和人类活动密集的地区，大象数量下降得更多。战争结束后，大象在公园中心的密度相对较高，那里的大象得到了更好的保护，这表明这个地区可能是一个避难所。在刚果民主共和国东部的其他地方，没有提供保护，大象的数量甚至更多。战后的动态，如机构的削弱、人类的流动和武器的可用性，继续影响着大象。剩余人口的生存和恢复将取决于这些持续存在的因素以及与人口增长和自然资源开发有关的新威胁。优先考虑野生动物保护，遏制象牙和丛林肉的非法贸易，加强负责保护的国家机构和组织，对于应对这些威胁至关重要。
Human conflict generally has substantial negative impacts on wildlife and conservation. The recent civil war (1995-2006) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) resulted in a significant loss of wildlife, including elephants, due to institutional collapse, lawlessness and unbridled exploitation of natural resources such as minerals, wood, ivory and bushmeat. We used data from distance sampling surveys conducted before and after the war in a protected forest, the Okapi Faunal Reserve, to document changes in elephant abundance and distribution. We employed Generalized Additive Models to relate changes in elephant distribution to human and environmental factors. Populations declined by nearly fifty percent coinciding with a major increase in elephant poaching as indicated by reports of ivory trade during the war. Our results suggest that humans influenced elephant distribution far more than habitat, both before and after the war, but post-war models explained more of the variation. Elephant abundance declined more, closer to the park boundary and to areas of intense human activity. After the war, elephant densities were relatively higher in the centre of the park where they were better protected, suggesting that this area may have acted as a refuge. In other sites in Eastern DRC, where no protection was provided, elephants were even more decimated. Post-war dynamics, such as weakened institutions, human movements and availability of weapons, continue to affect elephants. Survival of remaining populations and recovery will be determined by these persistent factors and by new threats associated with growing human populations and exploitation of natural resources. Prioritizing wildlife protection, curbing illegal trade in ivory and bushmeat, and strengthening national institutions and organizations in charge of conservation will be crucial to counter these threats.
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影响因子：
9.8
作者：
Blake, Stephen;Strindberg, Samantha;Boudjan, Patrick;Makombo, Calixte;Bila-Isia, Inogwabini;Ilambu, Omari;Grossmann, Falk;Bene-Bene, Lambert;de Semboli, Bruno;Mbenzo, Valentin;S'hwa, Dino;Bayogo, Rosine;Williamson, Liz;Fay, Mike;Hart, John;Maisels, Fiona
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ALERS, MPT;BLOM, A;BARNES, RFW
通讯作者：
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影响因子：
3.7
作者：
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