Movement of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Prairie, Boreal and Alpine Soils.
Movement of Chronic Wasting Disease Prions in Prairie, Boreal and Alpine Soils.
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DOI：
10.3390/pathogens12020269
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发表时间：
2023-02-07
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慢性消耗性疾病（CWD）是一种传染性海绵状脑病，对三大洲的鹿产生负面影响。土壤可作为CWD水平传播的水库，通过与患病个体和受感染尸体脱落的传染性朊蛋白（PrPCWD）相互作用。我们使用实验室规模的土柱研究了PrPCWD在土壤剖面中迁移的途径，比较了PrPCWD通过纯土壤矿物（石英、伊利石和蒙脱石）以及来自北方（Luvisol、Brunisol）和草原（Chernozem）地区的不同土壤的迁移。我们分析了渗滤液的土壤柱免疫印迹和蛋白质错误折叠循环扩增（PMCA）和检测PrP的柱组成的石英，伊利石，淋溶土和Brunisol的渗滤液。动物生物测定证实了CWD感染性的存在下，从石英，伊利石和Luvisol柱的沥滤液。从柱与蒙脱石和草原硅藻土的渗滤液不包含免疫印迹法或PMCA检测到的PrP;生物测定证实，硅藻土渗滤液是没有传染性的。柱的固相分析证实了PrP迁移到伊利石柱的下层，而蒙脱石柱中最强的信号保持接近表面。在草原土壤中普遍存在的粘土矿物蒙脱石具有最强的朊病毒结合能力;相比之下，在北方寒带和苔原土壤中主要的粘土矿物伊利石不显著地结合朊病毒。这表明，在北美CWD流行地区（土壤），PrPCWD将保持在土壤表面，由于贪婪的结合蒙脱石。在北方淋溶土和山地Brunisols，朊病毒通过落叶将继续通过土壤矿物层，变得不那么生物利用。在质地较轻的土壤中，石英是主要矿物，大多数传染性朊病毒将通过土壤剖面移动。因此，当地土壤特性可能决定CWD的环境传播效率。
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy negatively impacting cervids on three continents. Soil can serve as a reservoir for horizontal transmission of CWD by interaction with the infectious prion protein (PrPCWD) shed by diseased individuals and from infected carcasses. We investigated the pathways for PrPCWD migration in soil profiles using lab-scale soil columns, comparing PrPCWD migration through pure soil minerals (quartz, illite and montmorillonite), and diverse soils from boreal (Luvisol, Brunisol) and prairie (Chernozem) regions. We analyzed the leachate of the soil columns by immunoblot and protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) and detected PrP in the leachates of columns composed of quartz, illite, Luvisol and Brunisol. Animal bioassay confirmed the presence of CWD infectivity in the leachates from quartz, illite and Luvisol columns. Leachates from columns with montmorillonite and prairie Chernozems did not contain PrP detectable by immunoblotting or PMCA; bioassay confirmed that the Chernozemic leachate was not infectious. Analysis of the solid phase of the columns confirmed the migration of PrP to lower layers in the illite column, while the strongest signal in the montmorillonite column remained close to the surface. Montmorillonite, the prevalent clay mineral in prairie soils, has the strongest prion binding ability; by contrast, illite, the main clay mineral in northern boreal and tundra soils, does not bind prions significantly. This suggests that in soils of North American CWD-endemic regions (Chernozems), PrPCWD would remain on the soil surface due to avid binding to montmorillonite. In boreal Luvisols and mountain Brunisols, prions that pass through the leaf litter will continue to move through the soil mineral horizon, becoming less bioavailable. In light-textured soils where quartz is a dominant mineral, the majority of the infectious prions will move through the soil profile. Local soil properties may consequently determine the efficiency of environmental transmission of CWD.
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