A Case for Digital Beamforming at mmWave

A Case for Digital Beamforming at mmWave
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毫米波数字波束成形案例

DOI:
10.1109/twc.2019.2948329
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发表时间:
2020
影响因子:
10.4
通讯作者:
Rangan, Sundeep
Rangan, Sundeep
中科院分区:
计算机科学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Dutta, Sourjya;Barati, N;Ramirez, David;Dhananjay, Aditya;Buckwalter, James F.;Rangan, Sundeep

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由于毫米波(mmWave)无线系统对定向链路的严重依赖,高维阵列的波束形成(BF)对于这些频率的蜂窝系统至关重要。因此,以一种节能的方式执行数组处理是一个根本性的挑战。模拟和混合BF需要很少的模数和数模转换器(adc和dac),但一次只能在少量方向上通信,限制了方向搜索、空间复用和控制信令。数字BF可以实现灵活的空间处理,但必须在低量化分辨率下操作,以保持在合理的功率水平内。量化器分辨率的降低使接收和发射的信号失真。为了评估粗量化对接收机的影响,本文提出了一个基于简单加性量化噪声模型(AQNM)的系统级分析框架。通过大量模拟验证的分析表明,在中等分辨率(每个ADC 3-4位)下,量化对下行蜂窝容量的损失可以忽略不计。从本质上讲,低分辨率adc限制了高信噪比,这是蜂窝系统通常无法工作的地方。对于发射机,具有4位或更多位分辨率的dac可以支持高阶调制,并且不会违反3GPP新无线电(NR)蜂窝操作标准设定的相邻载波泄漏限制。事实上,我们的研究结果表明,低分辨率数字BF架构可以作为毫米波发射机和接收机的模拟或混合BF的节能替代品。
Due to the heavy reliance of millimeter-wave (mmWave) wireless systems on directional links, beamforming (BF) with high-dimensional arrays is essential for cellular systems in these frequencies. Thus, performing the array processing in a power-efficient manner is a fundamental challenge. Analog and hybrid BF require few analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters (ADCs and DACs), but can only communicate in a small number of directions at a time, limiting directional search, spatial multiplexing, and control signaling. Digital BF enables flexible spatial processing but must be operated at a low quantization resolution to stay within reasonable power levels. This decrease in quantizer resolution distorts the received as well as the transmitted signal. To assess the effect of coarse quantization at the receiver, this paper presents a system level analytic framework based on a simple additive quantization noise model (AQNM). The analysis verified through extensive simulations reveals that at moderate resolutions (3-4 bits per ADC), there is negligible loss in downlink cellular capacity from quantization. In essence, the low resolution ADCs limit the high SNR, where cellular systems typically do not operate. For the transmitter, it is shown that DACs with 4 or more bits of resolution can support high order modulations, and do not violate the adjacent carrier leakage limit set by 3rdGeneration Partnership Project (3GPP) New Radio (NR) standards for cellular operations. In fact, our findings suggest that low resolution digital BF architectures can be a power-efficient alternative to analog or hybrid BF for both transmitters and receivers at millimeter-wave.
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