Little evidence for demasculinization of the Drosophila X chromosome among genes expressed in the male germline.

Little evidence for demasculinization of the Drosophila X chromosome among genes expressed in the male germline.
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DOI:
10.1093/gbe/evs077
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发表时间:
2012
影响因子:
3.3
通讯作者:
Presgraves DC
Presgraves DC
中科院分区:
生物学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Meiklejohn CD;Presgraves DC

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偏向雄性的基因在雄性中的表达水平比在雌性中高,在果蝇的X染色体上表达不足。有几种进化模型被用来解释X染色体的去男性化现象。在这里,我们表明X染色体上雄性偏向基因的明显缺乏是由于果蝇睾丸中表达的整体X常染色体差异,这是由于雄性种系中缺乏性染色体剂量补偿,但不是由于睾丸密度的任何差异。X染色体上的睾丸特异性或睾丸偏向性基因。首先,使用来自20个组织的全基因组基因表达数据,我们没有发现证据表明睾丸特异性表达的基因在X染色体上代表性不足。第二,使用对组织之间的基因表达谱的对比,我们恢复了统计学上的睾丸偏置基因的代表性不足的X,但发现该模式基本上消失,一旦我们考虑到缺乏剂量补偿的果蝇雄性生殖系。第三,我们发现,计算“去男性化”的常染色体是不足以产生一个类似的X染色体在睾丸中的表达谱。因此,我们的研究结果表明,缺乏性染色体的剂量补偿果蝇睾丸可以解释明显的信号去男性化的X,而进化去男性化的X不能解释其在睾丸中的整体表达减少。
Male-biased genes—those expressed at higher levels in males than in females—are underrepresented on the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. Several evolutionary models have been posited to explain this so-called demasculinization of the X. Here, we show that the apparent paucity of male-biased genes on the X chromosome is attributable to global X-autosome differences in expression in Drosophila testes, owing to a lack of sex chromosome dosage compensation in the male germline, but not to any difference in the density of testis-specific or testis-biased genes on the X chromosome. First, using genome-wide gene expression data from 20 tissues, we find no evidence that genes with testis-specific expression are underrepresented on the X chromosome. Second, using contrasts in gene expression profiles among pairs of tissues, we recover a statistical underrepresentation of testis-biased genes on the X but find that the pattern largely disappears once we account for the lack of dosage compensation in the Drosophila male germline. Third, we find that computationally “demasculinizing” the autosomes is not sufficient to produce an expression profile similar to that of the X chromosome in the testes. Our findings thus show that the lack of sex chromosome dosage compensation in Drosophila testes can explain the apparent signal of demasculinization on the X, whereas evolutionary demasculinization of the X cannot explain its overall reduced expression in the testes.
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