Women live longer than men even during severe famines and epidemics.
Women live longer than men even during severe famines and epidemics.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1701535115
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发表时间：
2018-01-23
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Vaupel JW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Zarulli V;Barthold Jones JA;Oksuzyan A;Lindahl-Jacobsen R;Christensen K;Vaupel JW
在当今几乎所有的人口中，妇女的寿命都比男子长。一些研究侧重于女性优势的生物学根源;其他研究则强调社会因素的重要性。我们研究了奴隶人口和遭受严重饥荒和流行病的人口中的男女生存差异。我们发现，即使在死亡率很高的时候，女性的平均寿命也比男性长。女性的优势主要是由于婴儿死亡率的差异：女婴比男婴更能在恶劣的环境中生存。这些结果支持了这样的观点，即女性的生存优势是由生物环境和社会因素的复杂的相互作用调制。几乎所有现代人口中的女性都比男性长寿。迄今为止的研究提供了影响这一性别差距的生物和社会因素的证据。男性和女性都经历极高死亡风险的情况是未探索的信息来源。我们调查了在极端条件下，从饥荒，流行病和奴隶制的生存在7个人口的性别。女性比男性生存得更好：在所有人口中，几乎所有年龄段的女性死亡率都较低，除了一个奴隶人口外，她们的平均寿命比男性长。婴儿死亡率的性别差异是造成预期寿命性别差距的最主要原因，这表明新生女婴比新生男婴能够更好地在极端的死亡风险中生存下来。我们的研究结果证实了女性生存优势的普遍性，即使死亡率非常高。女性的生存优势具有基本的生物学基础，这一假设得到了以下事实的支持：在非常恶劣的条件下，即使在行为和社会差异可能很小或有利于男性的婴儿时期，女性的生存能力也比男性强。我们的研究结果还表明，女性的优势在不同的环境中是不同的，并受到社会因素的调节。
Women live longer than men in nearly all populations today. Some research focuses on the biological origins of the female advantage; other research stresses the significance of social factors. We studied male–female survival differences in populations of slaves and populations exposed to severe famines and epidemics. We find that even when mortality was very high, women lived longer on average than men. Most of the female advantage was due to differences in mortality among infants: baby girls were able to survive harsh conditions better than baby boys. These results support the view that the female survival advantage is modulated by a complex interaction of biological environmental and social factors. Women in almost all modern populations live longer than men. Research to date provides evidence for both biological and social factors influencing this gender gap. Conditions when both men and women experience extremely high levels of mortality risk are unexplored sources of information. We investigate the survival of both sexes in seven populations under extreme conditions from famines, epidemics, and slavery. Women survived better than men: In all populations, they had lower mortality across almost all ages, and, with the exception of one slave population, they lived longer on average than men. Gender differences in infant mortality contributed the most to the gender gap in life expectancy, indicating that newborn girls were able to survive extreme mortality hazards better than newborn boys. Our results confirm the ubiquity of a female survival advantage even when mortality is extraordinarily high. The hypothesis that the survival advantage of women has fundamental biological underpinnings is supported by the fact that under very harsh conditions females survive better than males even at infant ages when behavioral and social differences may be minimal or favor males. Our findings also indicate that the female advantage differs across environments and is modulated by social factors.
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2007.1138
发表时间：
2007-12-22
影响因子：
4.7
作者：
Clutton-Brock, T. H.;Isvaran, K.
通讯作者：
Isvaran, K.
影响因子：
0.3
作者：
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通讯作者：
Edgerton-Tarpley, K
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0800221105
发表时间：
2008-04-01
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Drevenstedt, Greg L.;Crimmins, Eileen M.;Finch, Caleb E.
通讯作者：
Finch, Caleb E.
影响因子：
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作者：
Austad, Steven N
通讯作者：
Austad, Steven N
影响因子：
5.1
作者：
AABY, P;KNUDSEN, K;DASILVA, MC
通讯作者：
DASILVA, MC