Estimating mass properties of dinosaurs using laser imaging and 3D computer modelling.
Estimating mass properties of dinosaurs using laser imaging and 3D computer modelling.
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使用激光成像和3D计算机建模估算恐龙的质量特性。
DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0004532
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Sellers WI
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bates KT;Manning PL;Hodgetts D;Sellers WI
当完整或接近完整的骨架允许重建物理或数字模型时，灭绝脊椎动物的体重重建是最可靠的。数字模型在时间和成本方面是最有效的，并提供了非破坏性地无限修改模型属性的设施，这样就可以进行敏感性分析，以量化灭绝动物重建中涉及的许多未知参数的影响。在这项研究中，我们使用激光扫描（LiDAR）和计算机建模方法，以创建一系列的三维质量模型的五个标本的非鸟类恐龙;两个接近完整的标本暴龙雷克斯，最完整的标本Acrologosaurus atokensis和Strutiomimum sedens，和一个接近完整的骨架亚成年埃德蒙顿龙annectens。LiDAR扫描允许对完全安装的骨骼进行成像，从而产生详细的3D模型，其中每个骨骼都保留其空间位置和关节。这提供了一个高分辨率的骨骼框架，围绕该框架可以重建体腔和内部器官，如肺和气囊。这允许计算每只动物的身体节段质量、质心和力矩或惯性。然而，任何灭绝分类群的软组织重建都不可避免地代表了一个具有未知准确度的最佳估计模型。因此，我们进行了广泛的敏感性分析，其中身体部分和呼吸器官的体积不同，试图限制每只动物质量参数的可能最大合理范围。我们的研究结果提供了广泛的实际质量和惯性值，强调在这样的重建不可避免的高水平的不确定性。然而，我们的敏感性分析一致地将质心放置在每只动物髋关节的正下方和正前方，而不考虑所选择的身体和呼吸结构体积的组合。这些结果强调，未来的生物力学评估的灭绝类群之前，应该进行详细的调查的合理范围内的质量属性，其中敏感性分析被用来确定一套可能的值进行测试，作为分析模型的输入。
Body mass reconstructions of extinct vertebrates are most robust when complete to near-complete skeletons allow the reconstruction of either physical or digital models. Digital models are most efficient in terms of time and cost, and provide the facility to infinitely modify model properties non-destructively, such that sensitivity analyses can be conducted to quantify the effect of the many unknown parameters involved in reconstructions of extinct animals. In this study we use laser scanning (LiDAR) and computer modelling methods to create a range of 3D mass models of five specimens of non-avian dinosaur; two near-complete specimens of Tyrannosaurus rex, the most complete specimens of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis and Strutiomimum sedens, and a near-complete skeleton of a sub-adult Edmontosaurus annectens. LiDAR scanning allows a full mounted skeleton to be imaged resulting in a detailed 3D model in which each bone retains its spatial position and articulation. This provides a high resolution skeletal framework around which the body cavity and internal organs such as lungs and air sacs can be reconstructed. This has allowed calculation of body segment masses, centres of mass and moments or inertia for each animal. However, any soft tissue reconstruction of an extinct taxon inevitably represents a best estimate model with an unknown level of accuracy. We have therefore conducted an extensive sensitivity analysis in which the volumes of body segments and respiratory organs were varied in an attempt to constrain the likely maximum plausible range of mass parameters for each animal. Our results provide wide ranges in actual mass and inertial values, emphasizing the high level of uncertainty inevitable in such reconstructions. However, our sensitivity analysis consistently places the centre of mass well below and in front of hip joint in each animal, regardless of the chosen combination of body and respiratory structure volumes. These results emphasize that future biomechanical assessments of extinct taxa should be preceded by a detailed investigation of the plausible range of mass properties, in which sensitivity analyses are used to identify a suite of possible values to be tested as inputs in analytical models.
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影响因子：
6.3
作者：
ARITA, HT;ROBINSON, JG;REDFORD, KH
通讯作者：
REDFORD, KH
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
BIEWENER, AA
通讯作者：
BIEWENER, AA
影响因子：
2.6
作者：
Bates, Karl T.;Manning, Phillip L.;Hodgetts, David
通讯作者：
Hodgetts, David
影响因子：
1.4
作者：
Christiansen, P.;Farina, R.A.
通讯作者：
Farina, R.A.
DOI：
10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb00871.x
发表时间：
1985-01-01
影响因子：
2.8
作者：
ALEXANDER, RM
通讯作者：
ALEXANDER, RM