Expansion and subfunctionalisation of flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylases in the grapevine lineage.
Expansion and subfunctionalisation of flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylases in the grapevine lineage.
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DOI：
10.1186/1471-2164-11-562
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发表时间：
2010-10-12
期刊：
影响因子：
4.4
通讯作者：
Di Gaspero G
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Falginella L;Castellarin SD;Testolin R;Gambetta GA;Morgante M;Di Gaspero G
黄酮类3‘，5’-羟基酶(F3‘5’-HS)和黄酮类3‘-羟基酶(F3’-HS)竞争性地控制蓝花青素和红花青素的前体--飞雀素和花青素的合成。在大多数植物中，F3‘5’H基因以低拷贝数存在，但在葡萄中它们是高度冗余的。在γ三倍体时，F3‘5’H拷贝数第一次增加发生在真叶树分支的祖先中。在葡萄科与其他欧洲葡萄科植物分离后，F3‘5’HS在一个古老的基因座上发生了进一步的增殖，在650kb的范围内产生了15个类似基因。12个位于约35-55kb的9个串联块中，具有91%-99%的同源性。第二个古老的F3‘5’H在葡萄中一直被认为是一个孤儿基因，在其他植物中缺乏同源基因。复制的F3‘5’HS在葡萄中具有在空间和时间上分割的表达谱。孤儿F3‘5’H拷贝在营养器官中高度表达。最近复制的F3‘5’HS主要在浆果皮中表达。它们只在编码区略有不同，但在启动子的结构上有所不同。启动子区顺式调控序列的差异与果实成熟过程中基因转录的时间特化相平行。花色苷组分的变化一致地反映了不同品种间F3‘5’H信使核糖核酸库的变化。F3‘5’H拷贝在葡萄品种中高水平表达，3‘5’-OH花青素含量为93-94%。在缺乏3‘5’-OH花青素(15-45%)的葡萄中，转录的F3‘5’H拷贝较少，且水平较低。相反，编码竞争F3‘H酶的基因只有两个拷贝存在于葡萄基因组中；一个拷贝在营养器官和生殖器官中以相似的水平在品种之间表达，而另一个拷贝在转录水平上是沉默的。这些结果表明，F3‘5’HS的扩展和亚功能化增加了红葡萄品种果实颜色表型的复杂性和多样性。
Flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylases (F3'5'Hs) and flavonoid 3'-hydroxylases (F3'Hs) competitively control the synthesis of delphinidin and cyanidin, the precursors of blue and red anthocyanins. In most plants, F3'5'H genes are present in low-copy number, but in grapevine they are highly redundant. The first increase in F3'5'H copy number occurred in the progenitor of the eudicot clade at the time of the γ triplication. Further proliferation of F3'5'Hs has occurred in one of the paleologous loci after the separation of Vitaceae from other eurosids, giving rise to 15 paralogues within 650 kb. Twelve reside in 9 tandem blocks of ~35-55 kb that share 91-99% identity. The second paleologous F3'5'H has been maintained as an orphan gene in grapevines, and lacks orthologues in other plants. Duplicate F3'5'Hs have spatially and temporally partitioned expression profiles in grapevine. The orphan F3'5'H copy is highly expressed in vegetative organs. More recent duplicate F3'5'Hs are predominately expressed in berry skins. They differ only slightly in the coding region, but are distinguished in the structure of the promoter. Differences in cis-regulatory sequences of promoter regions are paralleled by temporal specialisation of gene transcription during fruit ripening. Variation in anthocyanin profiles consistently reflects changes in the F3'5'H mRNA pool across different cultivars. More F3'5'H copies are expressed at high levels in grapevine varieties with 93-94% of 3'5'-OH anthocyanins. In grapevines depleted in 3'5'-OH anthocyanins (15-45%), fewer F3'5'H copies are transcribed, and at lower levels. Conversely, only two copies of the gene encoding the competing F3'H enzyme are present in the grape genome; one copy is expressed in both vegetative and reproductive organs at comparable levels among cultivars, while the other is transcriptionally silent. These results suggest that expansion and subfunctionalisation of F3'5'Hs have increased the complexity and diversification of the fruit colour phenotype among red grape varieties.
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影响因子：
7.4
作者：
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通讯作者：
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