Supplementary material to "The sulfur- and halogen-rich super eruption Los Chocoyos and its impacts on climate and environment"
Supplementary material to "The sulfur- and halogen-rich super eruption Los Chocoyos and its impacts on climate and environment"
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“富含硫和卤素的洛斯乔科约斯超级喷发及其对气候和环境的影响”的补充材料
DOI：
10.5194/acp-2019-827
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发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
K. Krüger
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
H. Brenna;S. Kutterolf;M. Mills;K. Krüger
抽象。危地马拉洛斯乔科约斯火山的超级喷发，最新确定为80.6 kyrs前，是过去10万年来最大的火山事件之一。最近的岩石学数据表明，火山爆发释放了大量与气候相关的硫和臭氧，破坏了氯和溴气体。使用最近发布的地球系统模型CESM 2（WACCM 6），我们模拟了富含硫和卤素的Los Chocoyos（~ 15° N）火山爆发对前工业地球系统的影响。我们的模型结果表明，增强模拟硫酸盐负担和气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）持续了五年，而火山卤素保持升高近15年。因此，火山爆发导致臭氧层崩溃，全球平均臭氧柱值降至50 DU（减少80%），导致前五年地表紫外线增加550%，对生物圈产生潜在影响。火山爆发表现出不对称的半球响应，增强气溶胶，臭氧，紫外线和气候信号在北方半球（NH）。全球地表气候受到影响，因为峰值AOD> 6导致最大地表冷却> 6 K，降水和陆地净初级生产力（NPP）减少> 25%，海冰面积在前三年增加40%。在局部地区，在最初的五年里，与热带辐合带向南移到南部热带有关，北方非洲的湿润（> 100%）和NPP的强烈增加（> 700%）被模拟出来。海洋在头两年对厄尔尼诺现象作出反应，这种情况被强烈的火山引起的表面冷却所掩盖。恢复到喷发前的臭氧水平和气候分别需要15年和30年。北极海冰/海洋的变化维持了长期持续的表面冷却，表明海冰面积立即增加，随后在60° N处向极地的海洋热输送减少，持续长达20年。相比之下，当模拟洛杉矶Chocoyos常规，包括硫和忽略卤素，我们模拟更大的硫酸盐负荷和AOD，更明显的表面气候变化和柱臭氧的增加。将我们的气溶胶化学ESM结果与气溶胶气候模型的其他超级喷发模拟结果进行比较，我们发现每注入硫量对地表气候的影响高于我们不同模型实验的先前研究，因为CESM 2（WACCM 6）产生的气溶胶较小，寿命较长，部分原因是气溶胶化学相互作用。由于超级火山爆发气候响应的模型不确定性是来自古档案的非常大的观测证据，协调的模型相互比较将有助于提高我们对气候和环境响应的理解。
Abstract. The super-eruption of Los Chocoyos, newly dated to 80.6 kyrs ago, in Guatemala was one of the largest volcanic events of the past 100 000 years. Recent petrologic data show that the eruption released very large amounts of climate-relevant sulfur and ozone destroying chlorine and bromine gases. Using the recently released Earth System Model CESM2(WACCM6) we simulate the impacts of the sulfur- and halogen-rich Los Chocoyos (~ 15° N) eruption on the pre-industrial Earth System for the eruption month January. Our model results show that enhanced modeled sulfate burden and aerosol optical depth (AOD) persists for five years, while the volcanic halogens stay elevated for nearly 15 years. As a consequence the eruption leads to a collapse of the ozone layer with global mean column ozone values dropping to 50 DU (80 % decrease) leading to a 550 % increase in surface UV over the first five years with potential impacts on the biosphere. The volcanic eruption shows an asymmetric hemispheric response with enhanced aerosol, ozone, UV, and climate signals over the Northern Hemisphere (NH). Surface climate is impacted globally due to peak AOD of > 6 leading to a maximum surface cooling of > 6 K, precipitation and terrestrial net primary production (NPP) decreases of > 25 %, and sea ice area increases of 40 % in the first three years. Locally, a wetting (> 100 %) and strong increase of NPP (> 700 %) over Northern Africa is simulated in the first five years related to a southwards shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone to the southern tropics. The ocean responds with El-Niño conditions in the first two years which are masked by the strong volcanic induced surface cooling. Recovery to pre-eruption ozone levels and climate takes 15 and 30 years respectively. The long lasting surface cooling is sustained by sea ice/ocean changes in the Arctic showing an immediate sea ice area increase followed by a decrease of poleward ocean heat transport at 60° N lasting up to 20 years. In contrast, when simulating Los Chocoyos conventionally, including sulfur and neglecting halogens, we simulate larger sulfate burden and AOD, more pronounced surface climate changes and an increase of column ozone. Comparing our aerosol chemistry ESM results to other super-eruption simulations with aerosol climate models we find a higher surface climate impact per injected sulfur amount than previous studies for our different sets of model experiments, since CESM2(WACCM6) creates smaller aerosols with a longer lifetime partly due to the interactive aerosol chemistry. As the model uncertainties for the climate response to super eruptions are very large observational evidence from paleo archives and a coordinated model intercomparison would help to improve our understanding of the climate and environment response.
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影响因子：
4.4
作者：
Iles, Carley E.;Hegerl, Gabriele C.;Zhang, Xuebin
通讯作者：
Zhang, Xuebin
暴力史：Los Chocoyos 超级喷发的岩浆孕育、时间和火山灰分布（危地马拉阿蒂特兰火山口）
影响因子：
2.3
作者：
Cisneros de León;Schindlbeck‐Belo;Kutterolf;Danišík;Schmitt;Freundt;Pérez;Harvey;K. L.
通讯作者：
K. L.
影响因子：
2.3
作者：
Metzner, D.;Kutterolf, S.;Krueger, K.
通讯作者：
Krueger, K.
影响因子：
4
作者：
Abbott, Peter M.;Davies, Siwan M.;Wastegard, Stefan
通讯作者：
Wastegard, Stefan
来自佩滕伊察湖（危地马拉）沉积物的中美洲 400ka 年代学框架
影响因子：
4
作者：
Kutterolf;Schindlbeck;Anselmetti;Ariztegui;Brenner;Curtis;Schmid;Hodell;Mueller;Pérez;Schwalb;Frische
通讯作者：
Frische