Stigma and discrimination against transgender men in Bhutan.
Stigma and discrimination against transgender men in Bhutan.
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不丹对跨性别男性的耻辱和歧视。
DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0287745
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发表时间：
2023
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
虽然全世界的跨性别者面临着高比例的耻辱和歧视，但亚洲的跨性别男性（也称为“跨性别男性”）的研究很少。我们测量了不丹跨性别男性所面临的耻辱和歧视的患病率及其相关因素，以使他们的经历引人注目，并为健康和社会政策的变化提供信息。这项横断面调查于2019年11月至2020年1月在不丹的9个地区进行。共招募了124名跨性别男性使用混合场地为基础和同行推荐的方法。数据收集使用访谈管理的问卷调查。多变量逻辑回归分析表明，在获得卫生服务时经历耻辱和歧视的关联。参与者是年轻人（48.0%为18-24岁），48.4%从农村迁移到城市地区。大多数人（95.2%）经历过耻辱，因为人们知道或认为他们是跨性别男子。与经常遭受耻辱的经历相关的是与伴侣一起生活（调整后的比值比[AOR] 3.07，95%CI 1.27-7.44）和失业或学生（3.22，1.44-7.19）。近一半（47.6%）的人表示，他们在获得医疗保健时受到歧视，因为人们知道或认为他们是跨性别男子;这种经历与移民（2.42，1.08-5.39）和社交网络中有超过15名跨性别男子（3.73，1.69-8.26）有关。大多数（94.4%）经历过言语暴力，10.5%经历过身体暴力，4.8%经历过性暴力。我们的研究发现，在不丹，由于是跨性别男子，污名化、歧视和人际暴力的发生率很高。调查结果强调，迫切需要加强法律和法规，以保护变性人的权利，特别是在获得医疗服务，承认伙伴关系，并防止在公共场所的暴力行为。
While transgender people worldwide face high rates of stigma and discrimination, there are few studies of transgender men (also “trans men”) in Asia. We measured the prevalence of, and factors associated with, stigma and discrimination faced by trans men in Bhutan to bring visibility to their experiences and inform health and social policy changes. This cross-sectional survey was conducted in nine regions in Bhutan from November 2019 to January 2020. A total of 124 trans men were recruited using a hybrid venue-based and peer-referral approach. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression characterized associations with experiencing stigma and discrimination when accessing health services. Participants were young (48.0% 18–24 years) and 48.4% had migrated from a rural to an urban area. The majority (95.2%) experienced stigma because people knew or thought they were trans men. Associations with frequent experiences of stigma were living with their partner as a couple (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 3.07, 95% CI 1.27–7.44) and being unemployed or a student (3.22, 1.44–7.19). Nearly half (47.6%) said they experienced discrimination when accessing health care because people knew or thought they were a trans man; this experience was associated with migration (2.42, 1.08–5.39) and having >15 trans men in their social network (3.73, 1.69–8.26). Most (94.4%) experienced verbal violence, 10.5% experienced physical violence, and 4.8% experienced sexual violence. Our study found high rates of stigma, discrimination, and interpersonal violence due to being a trans man in Bhutan. Findings highlight the urgent need for strengthening laws and regulations to protect the rights of transgender persons, particularly when accessing health services, recognizing partnerships, and preventing violence in public spaces.
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